Highly Efficient Catalytic Oxidative Desulfurization of Gasoline Using PMnW₁₁@PANI@CS as a New Inorganic–Organic Hybrid Nanocatalyst

Abstract

In this manuscript, to obtain a high-purity fuel, a new inorganic–organic hybrid (IOH) nanocomposite (PMnW11@PANI@CS) based on mono-supplanted heteropolyanion (PMnW11), polyaniline (PANI), and chitosan (CS) was synthesized successfully. The synthesized nanocomposite (PMnW11@PANI@CS) was employed as a nanocatalyst in the nanocatalytic oxidative desulfurization (NODS) process. PMnW11@PANI@CS was confirmed by powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), UV–vis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) analysis. The elimination of hazardous molecules containing sulfur from real and simulated gasoline was done according to the NODS process. The sulfur compounds in gasoline were oxidized and disengaged effectively under a mild reaction. PMnW11@PANI@CS with nanocatalytic activity was used as a recyclable nanocatalyst in this process. PMnW11@PANI@CS was evaluated in the NODS process using a combination of CH3COOH and H2O2 in a 1:2 volume ratio as an oxidant system. The results were compared with the obtained results of a simulated gasoline oxidation process under the same conditions. Furthermore, the effect of the nanocatalyst, types of oxidation system, dosage of the nanocatalyst, temperature, and reaction time on the NODS efficiency were investigated. Experimental results show that owing to the excellent efficiency of the PMnW11@PANI@CS NODS system, it can be a promising method to attain super clean gasoline.

Extractive–Oxidative Desulfurization of Real and Model Gasoline Using (gly)3H[SiW12O40]⊂CoFe2O4 as a Recoverable and Efficient Nanocatalyst

“…Sulfur compounds in gasoline are undesirable, which may generate sulfur oxides (SO x ) and inhibit the efficiency of pollution control equipment in vehicles. − Thus, to minimize the negative environmental effects of automobile exhausts, strict environmental regulations have been adopted to establish the sulfur content limit in fuels to less than 10 ppm. , Hence, ultradeep desulfurization of liquid fuels has become a momentous issue in environmental catalysis perusal. , Up to now, the industrial process implemented for desulfurization is hydrodesulfurization (HDS). However, HDS is less efficient due to arduous conditions (high pressure and temperature) and the low efficiency associated with the removal of aromatic sulfur compounds, such as dibenzothiophene (DBT) and its derivatives. − The research on non-HDS procedures is concentrated on the following approaches, such as extraction (EDS), , oxidation (ODS), − adsorption (ADS), and biodesulfurization (BDS) processes.…”

High Oxidation Desulfurization of Fuels Catalyzed by Vanadium-Substituted Phosphomolybdate@Polyaniline@Chitosan as an Inorganic–Organic Hybrid Nanocatalyst

“…The IR spectra of (a) pure V-SPM, (b) PANI, (c) CH, and (d) V-SPM@PANI@CH are shown in Figure perspicuously. The characteristic peaks at 1060, 954, 890, and 830 cm –1 were engendered via the stretching modes of Keggin-type vanadium-substituted phosphomolybdate anion involving ν as (P–Oa), ν as (MoOt), ν as (Mo–Ob–W), and ν as (Mo–Oc–Mo), respectively (Figure a). , The spectrum of PANI (Figure b) shows the leading bands at 1490 and 1306 cm –1 , which may be assigned to the stretching modes of CN– and C–N– in the quinoid and benzenoid rings of aniline, respectively. , As seen in the CH spectrum, the peaks at 880 and 1670 cm –1 corroborate the existence of −C–O–C and CO stretching vibrations, respectively , (Figure c). Moreover, the characteristic peaks situated at 1592 and 2905 cm –1 are corresponded to the scissoring vibrations of NH 2 and asymmetric vibrations of CH 3 , respectively.…”

“…The characteristic peaks at 1060, 954, 890, and 830 cm −1 were engendered via the stretching modes of Keggintype vanadium-substituted phosphomolybdate anion involving ν as (P−Oa), ν as (Mo�Ot), ν as (Mo−Ob−W), and ν as (Mo− Oc−Mo), respectively (Figure 1a). 38,39 The spectrum of PANI (Figure 1b) shows the leading bands at 1490 and 1306 cm −1 , which may be assigned to the stretching modes of C�N− and C−N− in the quinoid and benzenoid rings of aniline, respectively. 40,41 As seen in the CH spectrum, the peaks at 880 and 1670 cm −1 corroborate the existence of −C−O−C and C�O stretching vibrations, respectively 42,43 (Figure 1c).…”

Design and Synthesis of Amphiphilic Catalyst [C16mim]5VW12O40Br and Its Application in Deep Desulfurization with Superior Cyclability at Room Temperature

“…Then, the catalyst becomes a superoxide metal intermediate under the action of the hydroxyl radical. The catalyst uses its long alkyl chain to bring aromatic sulfur compounds into contact with the active center to induce an electrophilic reaction to generate sulfoxide, which is further oxidized to generate sulfone …”