High-yielding and chemically enriched maize hybrids bred in Serbia: The best basis for super quality feed and food

Abstract

Introduction/purpose: This paper presents the results of several different research studies. The inbred lines ZPPL 146 and ZPPL 159 and the maize hybrids ZP 633, ZP 735, and ZP 737 are primarily intended for human and livestock nutrition. Their selection took about four decades. Methods: Spectral bands were registered using the method of resonant Raman spectroscopy of the leaves of inbred maize lines. These spectral bands indicate the conformational characteristics of not only carotenoid molecules but also other compounds (phosphate, gluten, and amide III) in the leaf. Results: A systematic examination of the inbred lines ZPPL 146 and ZPPL 159 and their maize hybrids ZP 633, ZP 735, and ZP 737 was performed in this paper. It was stated that the new inbred lines of corn, i.e. ZPPL 146 and ZPPL 159, are rich in carotenoids and yellow pigments. These lines also have significant quantities of other valuable bioactive compounds and good physical characteristics. The lines have an upright position of the top leaves and belong to the group of maize lines with significant characteristics of the photosynthetic model. They are resistant to high temperatures and are drought tolerant. Conclusion: This paper presents the relevant properties, characteristics and parameters of the new studied inbred maize lines that can be used in selection processes in the future. High-yielding and high-quality maize hybrids, i.e. ZP 633, ZP 735, and ZP 737, have been created from the mentioned inbred maize lines. They are recognizable by their qualities. The hybrid ZP633 is especially noteworthy for human consumption (children and the elderly). Further, from the agronomic-veterinary point of view, it is confirmed that the hybrids ZP 735 and ZP 737 are the most suitable for livestock feeding with the programmed use of corn silage. The relevant agronomic, morphological and nutritional properties of the maize hybrids ZP 633, ZP 735, and ZP 737 are also presented in this paper. The results regarding the grain structure and yield height for grain and silage for the hybrids ZP 677 and ZP 684, produced in Serbia and the countries of Southeastern Europe, are also given.

The role of photosynthetic pigments in the leaf of maize inbred lines in improving photosynthetic efficiency

“…It is known that carotenoid bound to protein complexes collects light to the photosystem II, and is characterized by the intensive spectral band at 960 cm -1 in the Raman spectrum, which particularly differs in the amplitude from bands at 1156 and 1004 cm -1 . Moreover, it has also been observed that the amplitude of the band at 960 cm -1 of the carotenoid Raman spectrum has been significantly smaller than amplitudes of the spectral bands at 1156 and 1004 cm -1 , and that it does not differ in different lines in the chloroplast Raman spectrum, which probably indicates the absence of protein-lipid interactions (Radenović et al, 2021a;Radenović et al, 2021b).…”

“…It is desirable to analyze the Raman spectrum with all spectral bands for the maize inbred lines studied (M1-3-3Sdms, ZPPL186, and ZPPL225) in the range from 400 to 1600 cm -1 . It was established that the Raman spectra of maize leaf chloroplasts within this range are characterized by high-amplitude bands of carotenoids and low-amplitude bands of cellulose molecules (bands at 1095 cm -1 and 1477 cm -1 correspond to valence oscillations of S -O -S bonds and N -S -H groups of atoms of cellulose molecules, respectively) (Radenović et al, 2021a).…”

The infrared spectrum of the ultra quality maize hybrid preferable for human consumption: the identification of organic molecules and excited state of functional groups in spectral bands of the kernel, endosperm, pericarp and the germ

“…It has at least two aspects. The first refers to the functional role of certain structural parts of the kernel that carry out life functions [18], while the second aspect refers to the quality of structural parts of kernels, and finally to the need for human nutrition [7,19].…”

“…Kernels of high yielding, chemically enriched and outstanding quality maize hybrid ZP 633, were used as a material for studying infrared spectra and all spectral bands of different properties: intensity, kinetics and the site of origin. This hybrid is also very suitable for human consumption (standard for nutrition of children, elderly, and in certain cases athletes) [7]. The outstanding quality maize hybrid ZP 633 has been developed at and is the property of the Maize Research Institute, Zemun Polje, Belgrade, Serbia.…”

“…Agronomic, morphological, chemical and physiological traits of this hybrid, including its relevant breeding and seed production properties, were described more detail in the [7].…”