“…In order to improve the TE performance of Ca 3 Co 4 O 9 system, the element substitution is usually used. So far, in Ca 3 Co 4 O 9 system, the selected doped elements are mainly focused on the transition metal ones (Ti, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Mo, Rh, W, Re, Ir, and Pt) at Co‐sites and the alkali/alkaline‐earth/rare‐earth metal ones (Na, Sr, La ‐ Nd, Sm ‐ Er, Yb, Lu, and Y) at Ca‐sites. Compared to these traditional ideas, the substitutions of the alkali/alkaline‐earth/rare‐earth metal elements at Co‐sites or the transition metal ones at Ca‐sites have not yet been investigated systematically in this system due to much large difference between their ionic radii.…”