High SNR capacity of millimeter wave MIMO systems with one-bit quantization

Millimeter-wave communication is one way to alleviate the spectrum gridlock at lower frequencies while simultaneously providing high-bandwidth communication channels. MmWave makes use of MIMO through large antenna arrays at both the base station and the mobile station to provide sufficient received signal power. This article explains how beamforming and precoding are different in MIMO mmWave systems than in their lower-frequency counterparts, due to different hardware constraints and channel characteristics. Two potential architectures are reviewed: hybrid analog/digital precoding/combining and combining with low-resolution analog-to-digital converters. The potential gains and design challenges for these strategies are discussed, and future research directions are highlighted.

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“…In [12], we considered the channel capacity of the flat-fading narrowband MIMO channel with 1-bit ADCs shown in Fig. 3.…”

Section: Capacity Analysis With 1-bit Adcs -Withmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…5, we plot the upper bound of the mmWave channel capacity with 64 transmitter antennas [12]. The receiver antennas and the number of paths are both assumed to be no more than 16.…”

Section: Performance Comparisonsmentioning

confidence: 99%

MIMO Precoding and Combining Solutions for Millimeter-Wave Systems

et al. 2014

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“…The use of one-bit ADCs in massive MIMO, was initially studied in [15]. The use of onebit ADCs had previously also been studied for MIMO systems in, e.g., [16,17] and for millimeter wave MIMO systems in, e.g., [18]. The feasibility of one-bit ADCs, in terms of achievable rate, was studied in [17], where it was shown that one-bit ADCs only lead to a small capacity reduction in a MIMO system at high noise levels, and in [19], where it was shown that the capacity at low noise levels is very high and scales linearly with the number of receive antennas.…”

Section: Massive Mimomentioning

confidence: 99%

On Massive MIMO Base Stations with Low-End Hardware

Mollén¹

2016

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Massive MIMO (Multiple-Input Multiple-Output) base stations have proven, both in theory and in practice, to possess many of the qualities that future wireless communication systems will require. They can provide equally high data rates throughout their coverage area and can concurrently serve multiple low-end handsets without requiring wider spectrum, denser base station deployment or significantly more power than current base stations. The main challenge of massive MIMO is the immense hardware complexity and cost of the base station-each element in the large antenna array needs to be individually controllable and therefore requires its own radio chain. To make massive MIMO commercially viable, the base station has to be built from inexpensive simple hardware. In this thesis, it is investigated how the use of low-end power amplifiers and analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) affects the performance of massive MIMO. In the study of the signal distortion from low-end amplifiers, it is shown that in-band distortion is negligible in massive MIMO and that out-of-band radiation is the limiting factor that decides what power efficiency the amplifiers can be operated at. A precoder that produces transmit signals for the downlink with constant envelope in continuous time is presented to allow for highly power efficient low-end amplifiers. Further, it is found that the out-of-band radiation is isotropic when the channel is frequency selective and when multiple users are served; and that it can be beamformed when the channel is frequency flat and when few users are served. Since a massive MIMO base station radiates less power than today's base stations, isotropic out-of-band radiation means that low-end hardware with poorer linearity than required today can be used in massive MIMO. It is also shown that using one-bit ADCs-the simplest and least power-hungry ADCs-at the base station only degrades the signal-to-interference-and-noise ratio of the system by approximately 4 dB when proper power allocation among users is done, which indicates that massive MIMO is resistant against coarse quantization and that low-end ADCs can be used.iii iv SammanfattningMassiv-MIMO-basstationer (eng: Multiple-Input Multiple-Output) har visats, både i teori och praktik, besitta många av de egenskaper som framtida trådlösa kommunikationssystem kommer att behöva. De kan tillhandahålla enhetligt höga datatakter i hela täckningsområdet och simultant betjäna flera enkla mobilenheter utan att använda bredare spektrum, tätare basstationsplacering eller betydligt mer effekt än dagens basstationer. Huvudutmaningen med massiv MIMO är basstationens enorma hårdvarukomplex-itet och -kostnad -varje element i den stora gruppantennen skall kunna kontrolleras individuellt och kräver sålunda sin egen radiokedja. För att massiv MIMO skall bli kommersiellt attraktiv, måste basstationen byggas av billig, enkel hårdvara. I denna avhandling undersöks hur enkla effektförstärkare och analog-till-digital-omvandlare (AD-omvandlare) påverkar massiv-MIMO-systemets pr...

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“…Such low bit resolution mmWave front-ends have been studied in [22], [23], [42]- [44]. In [44] specifically, the authors discuss among other things the impact of ADC resolution on the communication rate after the link has been established.…”

Section: Fully Digital Bf With Low Bit Resolutionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Directional initial access for millimeter wave cellular systems

Barati¹,

Hosseini²,

Mezzavilla³

et al. 2015

2015 49th Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems and Computers

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Abstract-The millimeter wave (mmWave) bands have recently attracted considerable interest for next-generation cellular systems due to the massive spectrum at these frequencies. However, a key challenge in designing mmWave cellular systems is initial access -the procedure by which a mobile device establishes an initial link-layer connection to a base station cell. MmWave communication relies on highly directional transmissions and the initial access procedure must thus provide a mechanism by which initial transmission directions can be searched in a potentially large angular space. Design options are compared considering different scanning and signaling procedures to evaluate access delay and system overhead. The channel structure and multiple access issues are also considered. The results of our analysis demonstrate significant benefits of low-resolution fully digital architectures in comparison to single stream analog beamforming.

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High SNR capacity of millimeter wave MIMO systems with one-bit quantization

Cited by 122 publications

References 22 publications

MIMO Precoding and Combining Solutions for Millimeter-Wave Systems

MIMO Precoding and Combining Solutions for Millimeter-Wave Systems

On Massive MIMO Base Stations with Low-End Hardware

Directional initial access for millimeter wave cellular systems

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