High Roughage System for Raising Calves Based on Early Development of Rumen Function. IX. Effect of Rumen Inoculations and Chlortetracycline on Rumen Function of Calves Fed High Roughage Pellets

Conrad, H.R.; Hibbs, J.W.; Frank, Norma A.

doi:10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(58)91080-4

Cited by 33 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…This is evidenced by lower ruminal pH values in ciliate-free steers than in faunated steers in our study. These results agree with other reports comparing faunated ruminants with ciliate-free ruminants on a wide variety of diets (8,17,36). Although no treatment-time interaction was observed, the postprandial decline in pH tended to be lower in the ciliate-free group than in the faunated group.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 91%

Moderation of ruminal fermentation by ciliated protozoa in cattle fed a high-grain diet

Nagaraja

Towne

Beharka

1992

Appl Environ Microbiol

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The objective of this study was to assess the influence of ciliated protozoa on ruminal fermentation in cattle fed high-grain diets. Six ruminally cannulated steers fed a corn-based grain diet (85% concentrate plus 15% alfalfa hay) at 12-h intervals were assigned randomly to two groups, ciliate free and faunated, in a crossover design. Defaunation was by ruminal emptying, omasal flushing, and treatment with sodium sulfosuccinate. Two to 3 weeks after defaunation, the ruminal contents of all steers were sampled before the morning feeding (0 h) and at 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 12 h after feeding to measure pH, analyze fermentation products, and monitor counts of ciliated protozoa and lactic acid-producing and-fermenting bacterial groups. Total numbers of ciliated protozoa in the faunated steers averaged 4.3 x 105/g, and the protozoa consisted of nine genera. Ciliate-free steers had lower (P < 0.01) ruminal pHs (pH 5.97) than faunated cattle (pH 6.45); however, the treatment-time interaction was not significant. Ruminal lactate and ammonia concentrations were similar in both groups. The total volatile fatty acid concentration was higher (P < 0.05) in the ciliate-free steers than in the faunated steers and exhibited a treatment-time interaction (P < 0.05). The acetate-to-propionate ratio was higher (P < 0.05) in the faunated group than in the ciliate-free group and showed a treatment-time interaction (P < 0.05). Total anaerobic bacterial counts were about fourfold higher in the ciliate-free group than in the faunated group. Although counts of lactic acid producers were higher and counts of lactic acid fermenters were lower in ciliate-free steers than in faunated steers, the differences were not significant. Ciliated protozoa in cattle fed high-grain diets apparently moderate the ruminal fermentation rate as evidenced by higher ruminal pH values and lower volatile fatty acid concentrations in faunated cattle than in ciliate-free cattle. It appeared that the moderation of the ruminal fermentation rate by ciliated protozoa was attributable to reduced bacterial numbers and possibly reduced activity. * Corresponding author. t Contribution no. 92-491-J from the Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 91%

Moderation of ruminal fermentation by ciliated protozoa in cattle fed a high-grain diet

Nagaraja

Towne

Beharka

1992

Appl Environ Microbiol

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“…The development of large numbers of cellulose-splitting organisms was found by Lengemann & Allen (1959) to reach adult levels at 9 weeks of age in calves given a maximum of 1.4 kg of concentrates/day. However, Bryant, Small, Bouma & Robinson (1958) and Conrad, Hibbs & Frank (1958) found that very few protozoa were present at 4 months of age in calves given high-concentrate diets if they were not given rumen inoculations from older animals. Conrad, Hibbs, Pounden & Sutton (1950) had previously shown that protozoa and some cellulosesplitting bacteria disappeared from the rumen when the proportion of concentrates in the diet was increased.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…At about 14 weeks of age, the proportion of individual VFA in the rumen of calves given high-roughage diets was shown by Conrad et al (1958) to be acetic 72%,…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rumen development in the calf

Stobo¹,

Roy²,

Gaston³

1966

Br J Nutr

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I . Twenty-four Ayrshire bull calves were reared on either high-concentrate or high-roughage diets to study the effect of diet on the subsequent ability of the calf to digest either concentrates or hay when given alone. The rearing diets were known to produce different types of rumen development. 2. Although there were significant differences between the apparent digestibility coefficients of the high-concentrate and high-roughage rearing diets and between concentrates and hay when given alone, the subsequent ability of the calf to digest either concentrates or hay was unaffected by the type of diet given during the rearing period to 13 weeks of age. 3. The amount of nitrogen retained was significantly greater in calves reared on the highconcentrate diet than in those given the high-roughage diet, but similar amounts of N were retained/Ioo g gain in body-weight in both groups. After the change in diet, the amount of N retained was significantly greater in calves given concentrates after a rearing diet high in concentrates than in those given concentrates after a rearing diet high in roughage, although in both groups 32% of the N intake was retained. Four of the six calves given hay after a rearing diet high in concentrates were in negative N balance, but only one calf lost weight. Only 19% of the N intake was retained in calves given hay after being reared on a highroughage diet. 4. The concentration of total volatile fatty acids (VFA) in the rumen contents rose to reach peak levels at about 3 h after food was offered; the concentration then declined. VFA concentrations tended to be higher in calves given the rearing diet high in concentrates than in those given the one high in roughage, and differences reached significance when the diet was changed to one of all concentrates or all hay, with no obvious carry-over effect of the rearing diet. The proportion of propionic, butyric and higher acids tended to be greater in calves given high levels of concentrates than in those given high levels of hay and also tended to rise, irrespective of diet, as the concentration of total VFA rose. 5. A change of diet at 14 weeks from one high in concentrates to one consisting entirely of hay resulted in a significant decline in the viable counts of streptococci, lactobacilli and coliform organisms in the rumen liquor at 16 weeks. The numbers of bacteria were unaffected by the other dietary changes. 6. The concentration of total VFA in plasma of peripheral blood tended to be higher in calves given the high-roughage or all-hay diets. A fall in the concentration of plasma VFA occurred when calves were changed from a high-roughage diet to an all-concentrate diet and a rise in concentration was observed when an all-hay diet replaced one containing a high proportion of concentrates. 7. During the initial rearing period the mean blood plasma glucose concentration was 92.8 mg/Ioo ml in calves given the high-concentrate diet, a value significantly higher than the mean value of 64.5 mg/roo ml found in calves given the high-roughage diet....

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“…Other work (83) showed that young milk-fed calves do possess the metabolic capacity for utilization of rumen fermentation end products and can adsorb volatile fatty acids from the small intestine. Rumination in calves is functional as early as 2 wk of age and in all calves by 6 to 8 wk if they are offered solid feed (14). Studies of rumen microbes from calves inoculated with rumen contents and from isolated calves showed different bacterial populations, but some groups of typical tureen bacteria were in contents of isolated calves.…”

Section: Rumen Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Advances in Nutrition and Management of Calves and Heifers

Otterby

Linn

1981

Journal of Dairy Science

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Strides have been significant in the knowledge of calf and heifer rearing during the last 25 yr. Much information has been gathered on digestive enzymes, development of the digestive system, and metabolism. Investigations have clarified further the role of colostrum in immunity and nutrition of the young calf. Several sources of nutrients have been tested for their suitability in formulation of acceptable milk replacers and calf starters. Once-a-day feeding of milk, colostrum, or milk replacer and early weaning are practical management procedures. Labor and cost efficient methods of feeding and caring for young calves have developed. Extensive work on rearing rates and methods of rearing was published during these 25 yr.Successful schemes have evolved for feeding heifers to freshen at an optimal age and to occupy a respectful position in the milking line. Developments in housing have been phenomenal -from the calf hutch to environmentally controlled nurseries for calves. Heifer housing has ranged from relatively simple, but laborefficient housing, to complete confinement systems. Herd health programs have developed to minimize many disease problems that can be particularly disastrous in large herds. Contract rearing of herd replacements has become a more frequently chosen option in this period. Budgets for rearing calves from birth to freshening have appeared in recommendations for raising heifers.

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High Roughage System for Raising Calves Based on Early Development of Rumen Function. IX. Effect of Rumen Inoculations and Chlortetracycline on Rumen Function of Calves Fed High Roughage Pellets

Cited by 33 publications

References 20 publications

Moderation of ruminal fermentation by ciliated protozoa in cattle fed a high-grain diet

Moderation of ruminal fermentation by ciliated protozoa in cattle fed a high-grain diet

Rumen development in the calf

Advances in Nutrition and Management of Calves and Heifers

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