Advances in Nutrition and Management of Calves and Heifers

Otterby, D.E.; Linn, J.G.

doi:10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(81)82709-9

Cited by 54 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 50 publications

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“…Similar pathological changes associated with soy feeding in milk replacers were reported by several authors (Colvin and Ramsey, 1968;Coblenz et al, 1976;Otteby and Linn, 1981).…”

supporting

confidence: 66%

Soybean: feed quality and safety. Part 2: Pathology of soybean feeding in animals. A review

Csáky

Fekete

2004

Acta Veterinaria Hungarica

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Various animal models in farm and laboratory animals indicate the possible pathological effect of soybean feeding. Immunity and tolerance to oral soybean intake and a generalised meta-model of effects are discussed. It seems that FAO/WHO recommendations will have to be considered in assessing the biological value of soybean feed sources. Determination of hull content, antigenic potential, conglycinin and trypsin inhibitor content is warranted in view of the future component pricing of soybean meals.Key words: Soybean, villus height, antibody to soybean antigens, feed antigens, immune tolerance to feed, soybean pathology model, soybean allergy, component pricingIntestinal pathology in soybean fed animals McGuinnes et al. (1987) observed that rats fed on raw soybean meal developed enlarged pancreas and hyperplastic nodules which turned to adenomas and carcinoma. The effect was attributed to trypsin inhibitor effect, due to increased cholecystokinin plasma levels. According to Grant et al. (1987) the effect of pure soybean trypsin inhibitor on pancreas hypertrophy was less pronounced when it was fed in the form of soybean meal.Mice fed on raw soybeans survive only for weeks (Gee and Morgan, 1993). Feeding raw soybeans increases duodenal mucosa and smooth muscle layer thickness, but heat treatment significantly reduces this effect. Small intestinal weight is significantly increased in mice fed raw soybean meal (2.242 g vs. 1.410 g). A similar difference was observed in pancreas weight (0.547 g vs. 0.251 g). A similar effect was noted upon the administration of camostate (synthetic trypsin inhibitor), suggesting the role of trypsin inhibitors in the pancreas effect. However, small intestinal weight and structure are not influenced by camostate (unlike raw soybean meal), which suggests disparate effects on small intestine and pancreas. Pusztai et

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“…Similar pathological changes associated with soy feeding in milk replacers were reported by several authors (Colvin and Ramsey, 1968;Coblenz et al, 1976;Otteby and Linn, 1981).…”

supporting

confidence: 66%

Soybean: feed quality and safety. Part 2: Pathology of soybean feeding in animals. A review

Csáky

Fekete

2004

Acta Veterinaria Hungarica

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“…Vazques-Anon et al (1993a) reported a similar increase to pH 6.0 by 17 weeks of age, which is closer to the optimum for microbial proteolysis. The increase may be due to increased absorption of VFA as the rumen matures (Otterby & Linn, 1981), or to increased salivary secretion (Anderson et al, 1987b).…”

Section: Figure 3 Rumen Volatile Fatty Acid Concentrations From 8 To mentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of age on in sacco estimates of rumen dry matter and crude protein degradability in veal calves

Holtshausen¹,

Cruywagen

2000

SA J. An. Sci.

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This study was conducted to determine whether rumen dry matter and crude protein degradability in calves aged 8-10 weeks differs from that in mature cows. Five Holstein bull calves were rumen-fistulated at six weeks of age and were used in consecutive weekly 24 h trials from 8-20 weeks of age. Dry matter and crude protein degradability of two starter and two finisher veal calf diets of high or low rumen degradable protein content were estimated from 24 h in sacco incubation. Rumen pH and concentrations of volatile fatty acids and ammonianitrogen were determined on a weekly basis. Three rumen-fistulated Holstein cows were also used to evaluate dry matter and crude protein degradabilities of the diets. Estimates of dry matter degradability obtained from calves differed between the low and high degradability diets within weeks. Dry matter degradability differed between the starter and finisher diets (weeks 10 and 11) and remained fairly constant from week 11 to week 20. Crude protein degradability in calves also differed between the low and high degradability diets within weeks. Crude protein degradability increased up to week 12 and then remained constant until week 20. Dry matter and crude protein degradability estimates for the starter diets were both lower than the corresponding values obtained with cows, while estimates for finisher diets were similar. There were no clear trends over time for rumen pH, volatile fatty acid concentrations and ratios, or for rumen ammonia-nitrogen concentrations ion calves. These values showed a degree of variation between weeks and were similar to literature values for mature ruminants.

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“…This would have adverse effects on the dairy farmer and, eventually, the consumers ofdairy products. Furthermore, the gene frequency may not be as small (<1%) as it appears in the herd studied, raising the possibility that UMP synthase deficiency may already be responsible for unexplained cases of herd-specific high calf mortality (17). In addition, the errors of metabolism due to the homozygous condition could contribute to postconception embryonic and fetal deaths that lead to decreased fertility (18).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 94%

Consequences of UMP synthase deficiency in cattle.

Robinson¹,

Drabik²,

Dombrowski³

et al. 1983

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Several dairy cows have been identified as partially deficient in UMP synthase. Although erythrocytes ofnormal cows contained 2.54 units of enzyme per ml, four cows were discovered with only 1.08 units per ml. Cows deficient in UMP synthase secreted milk with abnormally high levels of orotate, 300-1,000 pug oforotate per ml compared to 80 ,ug/ml for normal cows. The deficiency also was accompanied by a lactation-induced orotic aciduria. Although bovine urinary orotate was generally <10 #g/ ml, the urine of the deficient cows, when lactating, contained 20-200 #g/ml. Their plasma orotate also was elevated. Genetic transmission of the condition was suggested by a common bull in the pedigrees of all deficient animals. Indeed, these cows, with half the normal level of UMP synthase, are probably heterozygotes with a 50% chance of passing the deficient allele to their progeny. For these putative heterozygotes, the condition is apparently benign because longevity and production were unaffected. However, the existence of a gene for UMP synthase deficiency in the dairy cow population poses a hazard with respect to the conception of homozygotic, deficient animals. These, in analogy with a comparable human condition, would be expected to exhibit high perinatal morbidity and mortality.In mammalian cells, the last step ofpyrimidine nucleotide synthesis involves the conversion of orotate to UMP and is catalyzed by UMP synthase (1). This multifunctional enzyme is comprised of two sequential activities, orotate phosphoribosyltransferase [orotate + phosphoribosylpyrophosphate -* orotidine 5'-monophosphate (OMP)] and OMP decarboxylase (OMP -_ UMP + CO2). A severe deficiency of this enzyme results in hereditary orotic aciduria, a rare disorder in humans. In addition to urinary excretion of massive quantities of orotate (1,500 mg/day vs. 1.4 mg/day in normal subjects), it is characterized by megaloblastic anemia and growth retardation (2). The latter conditions result from de facto starvation for pyrimidines and hence inadequate nucleic acid metabolism. Unless treated with exogenously supplied pyrimidines (usually uridine), afflicted individuals die in the neonatal period.Orotate is a normal constituent of bovine milk and is virtually the only pyrimidine or purine in the acid-soluble fraction (3). Orotate concentrations in milk exhibit considerable variability; although some variation is due to breed, stage of lactation, and number of lactations, it is attributable in large measure to individual variation (4). In a multibreed dairy herd with 250 milking cows monitored for 5 yr, several cows were identified with persistently high levels ofmilk orotate. The herd mean (+ SEM) was 81.1 ± 15.8 p.g oforotate per ml, yet milk from certain cows had >300 Ag/ml and, in one case, it reached nearly 1,000 ,tg/ ml.The purpose of this study was to assess an enzymatic basis for the elevated secretion of orotate by these cows. It was hypothesized that a deficiency of UMP synthase would lead to excess accumulation oforotate in milk. The eryt...

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Advances in Nutrition and Management of Calves and Heifers

Cited by 54 publications

References 50 publications

Soybean: feed quality and safety. Part 2: Pathology of soybean feeding in animals. A review

Soybean: feed quality and safety. Part 2: Pathology of soybean feeding in animals. A review

The effect of age on in sacco estimates of rumen dry matter and crude protein degradability in veal calves

Consequences of UMP synthase deficiency in cattle.

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