High-rate and high-capacity measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution with Fibonacci matrix coding in free space

Abstract

This paper proposes a high-rate and high-capacity measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution (MDI-QKD) protocol with Fibonacci-valued and Lucas-valued orbital angular momentum (OAM) entangled states in free space. In the existing MDI-OAM-QKD protocols, the main encoding algorithm handles encoded numbers in a bit-by-bit manner. To design a fast encoding algorithm, we introduce a Fibonacci matrix coding algorithm, by which, encoded numbers are separated into segments longer than one bit. By doing so, when compared to the existing MDI-OAM-QKD protocols, the new protocol can effectively increase the key rate and the coding capacity. This is because Fibonacci sequences are used in preparing OAM entangled states, reducing the misattribution errors (which slow down the execution cycle of the entire QKD) in QKD protocols. Moreover, our protocol keeps the data blocks as small as possible, so as to have more blocks in a given time interval. Most importantly, our proposed protocol can distill multiple Fibonacci key matrices from the same block of data, thus reducing the statistical fluctuations in the sample and increasing the final QKD rate. Last but not the least, the sender and the receiver can omit classical information exchange and bit flipping in the secure key distillation stage.

Cryptographic algorithm for multi-path distribution of entangled states of orbital angular momentum based on Fibonacci values

“…In 2017, Pan et al [10] proposed a QKD protocol that achieved higher levels of security and capacity by introducing a higher-order Fibonacci recursive relationship. In 2018, Lai et al [20] proposed a measurement-device-independent (MDI)-OAM-QKD protocol that utilized a photon system consisting of two specific sequence beams in free space. This new protocol combined MDI-QKD with SPDC and demonstrated a hybrid entanglement structure of OAM entanglement using Fibonacci and Lucas values.…”

“…However, the QKD protocols proposed by Simon et al [2], Lai et al [20], and Liu et al [21]. are conducted on a single path.…”

“…To ensure the security of quantum key transmission over multiple paths and avoid excessive use of quantum keys, we propose a symmetric encryption algorithm that incorporates a linear transformation from R 2 to R 2 , where the basis of the linear transformation is composed of Fibonacci block diagonal matrices introduced by Lai et al's protocol [20]. This new algorithm can be directly applied to encrypt and decrypt any message without needing to convert it into binary form.…”

Universal and General Quantum Simultaneous Secret Distribution with Dense Coding by Using One-Dimensional High-Level Cluster States

“…Therefore, a lot of researchers and companies have been devoting themselves to the research and development of QKD. Accordingly, QKD has received a great many achievements in both theoretical and experimental aspects over the past three decades [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10] . Quantum secret sharing (QSS), another significant branch of quantum cryptography, is the extended pattern of classical secret sharing [11,12] and QKD.…”

Measurement-device-independent quantum secret sharing and quantum conference based on Gaussian cluster state

“…Device-independent QKD protocol provides a solution to side-channel attacks [8][9][10], but the security of it relies on the violation of a Bell inequality [11]. A more practical solution is measurement-device-independent (MDI) QKD protocol [12][13][14], which can not only resist all attacks against the measuring terminal, but also reduce the detector requirements to the current level of technical conditions which can be achieved [15][16][17][18]. As for the implementation of QKD, besides QKD system based on discrete variable, continuous variable (CV) QKD system, which uses light by [32,41].…”