High Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome Among HIV–Infected Patients: Link With the Cardiovascular Risk

Bruno, Raffaele; Gazzaruso, Carmine; Sacchi, Paolo; Zocchetti, Cristina; Giordanetti, Stefano; Garzaniti, Adriana; Ciappina, Valentina; Maffezzini, Elena; Maserati, Renato; Filice, G.

doi:10.1097/00126334-200211010-00015

Cited by 39 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…These results are in agreement with a report from another urban HIV positive cohort, which shows similar rates of obesity among HIV infected women [24] . The overall prevalence of 15.1% of metabolic syndrome in our cohort, however, was lower than the estimated 22% prevalence in the US general population [7] and the 33.1% prevalence of metabolic syndrome estimated by Bruno and colleagues [9] in HIV infected patients on HAART.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 82%

“…Its prolonged use, particularly with the protease inhibitors, has been associated with an increase in coronary heart disease (CHD) risk [1][2][3] and with a number of metabolic abnormalities collectively named metabolic syndrome [4][5][6] . Metabolic syndrome occurs in approximately one quarter of the US general population [7] and in approximately one third of the HIV infected patients [8][9][10] . With the diagnosis of metabolic syndrome, the risk of developing CHD increases threefold and the risk of dying from a heart attack or stroke doubles [11] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) Risk Factors and Metabolic Syndrome in HIV-Positive Drug Users in Miami

Baum

Rafie²,

Lai³

et al. 2006

American J. of Infectious Diseases

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Abstract:The frequency of coronary heart disease (CHD) is increasing among HIV seropositive persons. This phenomenon may be related to HIV disease itself, the use of antiretroviral medications and increased length of survival, or the synergism of these factors. In this study we have calculated the 10-year CHD risk estimate and the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in a cohort of 118 HIV seropositive chronic drug users, including those who are on HAART with or without protease inhibitors (PI). The results showed that the 10-year coronary heart disease risk among the HIV seropositive drug users was 4.8 ± 5.7, which is within the range of results published for other HIV infected cohorts. The 10-year CHD risk was significantly higher in men (5.9±6.1, p<0.001) than in women (1.7±2.4), due to their gender and the pre-menopausal mean age of the women (39.4±7.3 years of age), despite a significantly higher rate of abdominal obesity (54.8% in women vs. 8.1% in men, p<0.001) and lower HDL (61.3% in women vs. 40% in men, p=0.042). The rate of metabolic syndrome among our female HIV seropositive drug users was significantly higher (29% vs 10.3%, p=0.013) compared to men (10.3%). Participants with metabolic syndrome had a significantly higher 10-year CHD risk (27.8% vs. 10.2%, p=0.041) and higher mean BMI (28.6 ± 4.1 vs. 24.2±4, p<0.001) than those without the syndrome. The predominant proportion of the cohort had a high viral load, suggesting that their use of illicit drugs has an influence on either adherence or effectiveness of antiretroviral medication. Increased viral load was significantly associated with metabolic syndrome (OR=2.23, 95% CI:1.12, 4.47; p=0.023), high fasting glucose (OR=1.61, 95% CI: 1.02, 2.55; p=0.042) and low HDL levels (OR=1.41, 95%CI: 1.01, 1.98; p=0.046), after controlling for age gender, smoking, PI exposure, BMI and CD4. HAART with or without PI did not significantly impact the 10-year CHD risk estimate or metabolic syndrome in this cohort. The estimated effect of PI, however, was positively and significantly related to triglyceride levels (effect estimate=95.81; 95% CI:39.40, 152.21; p<0.01) after controlling for age, gender, smoking, viral load, CD4 cell count and BMI. Heavy use of cigarettes and crack/cocaine was inversely associated with obesity (OR=0. 84, 95% CI:0.67, 0.99; p=0.049; OR=0.43, 95% CI:0.19, 0.98; p=0.044, respectively), while use of marijuana tended to be associated with increased central obesity (p=0.08). Heavy cigarette smoking was significantly associated with low HDL (OR=3.06, 95% CI:1.18; 7.95, p=0.02). The significant association of higher viral load with CHD risk indicates that controlling viral load may be important in reducing CHD risk in HIV infected drug users.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 82%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) Risk Factors and Metabolic Syndrome in HIV-Positive Drug Users in Miami

Baum

Rafie²,

Lai³

et al. 2006

American J. of Infectious Diseases

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“…Several studies have demonstrated that the prevalence of metabolic syndrome is higher in AIDS patients receiving HAART than in HIV-negative individuals [18][19][20] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Perfil lipídico, fatores de risco cardiovascular e síndrome metabólica em um grupo de pacientes com AIDS

Silva¹,

Bassichetto²,

Lewi³

2009

Arq. Bras. Cardiol.

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“…Many studies have shown that there is a high cardiovascular risk in patients with HIV/AIDS treated with HAART and lipodystrophy syndrome [18][19][20][21], however without considering the groups separately. This study thus aims to assess the cardiovascular risk in HIV/AIDS patients receiving HAART compared to HIV/AIDS associated with lipodystrophy syndrome people.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cardiovascular risk in HIV/AIDS and Lipodystrophy Syndrome patients

Pereira¹,

Oliveira²,

Abreu

et al. 2015

Int Arch Med

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Background: The treatment of people living with AIDS, known a highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), has increased considerably, and the disease has therefore acquired chronic features. Several changes have been observed, especially in cardiovascular disease risk. Methods: This is a descriptive cross-sectional study. 192 patients were recruited from a lipodystrophy outpatient centre, using Framingham risk scores.

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High Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome Among HIV–Infected Patients: Link With the Cardiovascular Risk

Cited by 39 publications

References 10 publications

Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) Risk Factors and Metabolic Syndrome in HIV-Positive Drug Users in Miami

Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) Risk Factors and Metabolic Syndrome in HIV-Positive Drug Users in Miami

Perfil lipídico, fatores de risco cardiovascular e síndrome metabólica em um grupo de pacientes com AIDS

Cardiovascular risk in HIV/AIDS and Lipodystrophy Syndrome patients

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