High Policing and Low Policing: Remarks about the Policing of Political Activities

Is It the What or the How? The Roles of High-Policing Tactics and Procedural Justice in Predicting Perceptions of Hostile Treatment: The Case of Security Checks at Ben-Gurion Airport, Israel

“…In the present study we focus on one component of what the police do that may produce perceptions of hostile treatment-"high-policing" practices. Brodeur (1983Brodeur ( , 2010 explains that in contrast to "low policing," which is focused on "classic" local crime and disorder problems, the goal of high policing is to protect the "state" or "national security" (even if this aim coincides with protecting citizens, as is the case with counterterrorism). Developing from this unique orientation, the tactics of high policing are also different from everyday policing practices.…”

“…They are characterized by the collection of data and it analysis for the purpose of creating intelligence and threat assessments, and frequently involve various surveillance methods. It is therefore not surprising that high-policing tactics are often cloaked in secrecy and deception (Brodeur 2010), and are thus less accountable, and have been associated with violations of human rights, due process, and procedural justice (Bayley & Weisburd 2009;Brodeur 2010).…”

“…In this article we focus on one expected outcome of policeprovided procedural justice-the mitigation of negative emotions that may arise in police-citizen interactions: humiliation, intimidation, and a sense of indifferent treatment (referred to herein as perceptions of hostile treatment); and one factor that is expected to elicit such negative emotions: the use of "high-policing" practices. High policing addresses strategic problems at the macrolevel, such as national security (rather than local crime and disorder problems), and is characterized by tactics that are less transparent and accountable, and thus prone to violations of human rights and due process (e.g., Bayley & Weisburd 2009;Brodeur 1983Brodeur , 2010Brodeur & Dupeyron 2003). We ask if the behavioral elements of procedural justice (including treating citizens with respect, concern, and transparency) "neutralize" the expected negative outcomes of high policing, or, alternatively, if some intrusive tactics produce a sense of hostile treatment independent of the "amount" of procedural justice embedded in the officer's behavior.…”

Automated policing: the case of body-worn video

“…Officers will need new technical skills to operate technical equipment and manage the data and analytics the machines produce. In common with police involved in intelligence management and other 'high policing' tasks (Brodeur, 1983), everyday 'low policing' will become 'knowledge work' (Ericson and Haggerty, 1997). Much of this will be automated and informated.…”

Discolouring Democracy? Policing, Sensitive Evidence, and Contentious Deaths in the United Kingdom

“…For us, these developments signal`a blurring of boundaries betweeǹ`h igh'' and``low'' policing', 52 or`similarities and overlap between political policing and police work in general'. 53 In the context of our arguments, this trend is concerning because high policing involves claims`under the blanket mandate of protecting``national security''', 54 which are often, by their nature, inscrutable. Furthermore, just as the push for secrecy affects trust and accountability in relation to the executive government and intelligence services, so, we contend, intelligence-led policing, and the secrecy that necessarily entails, affects police trust and accountability, and has potential to compromise open justice.…”