High-intensity swimming exercise reduces neuropathic pain in an animal model of complex regional pain syndrome type I: Evidence for a role of the adenosinergic system

Hydroalcoholic crude extract of Casearia sylvestris Sw. reduces chronic post-ischemic pain by activation of pro-resolving pathways

“…The O-ring was always positioned at a point on the limb just proximal to the medial malleolus. Sham mice were subjected to the same procedure except that the O-ring was cut so that it only loosely surrounded the ankle and did not occlude blood flow to the right hind paw (Martins et al, 2013).…”

“…CRPS-I model is able to faithfully reproduce many of the symptoms related to this syndrome in humans such as hyperalgesia, edema, vasomotor dysfunction and trophic changes (Laferrière et al, 2008). Using this model, after induction of ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) in the hindpaw of animals, is possible to evaluate an initial phase of paw edema and inflammatory pain (up to 3 days after reperfusion) followed by a form of neuropatic pain (from 7 to 21 days after reperfusion) (Martins et al, 2013;Millecamps et al, 2010). Studies have elucidated few aspects of the histology of the skin and microvasculature of the paw tissues after I/R (Coderre & Bennett, 2010;Millecamps, 2010), yet joints and skeletal muscle have not been investigated, both in the absence or presence of specific pharmacological treatments.…”

Exercise-induced Hypoalgesia Profiles for Pain Prediction in the Trigeminal System

“…15 Also, high-intensity swimming exercise can reduce NP in an animal model of complex regional pain syndrome type I. 16 Another study showed that regular physical activity prevents development of chronic pain and activation of central neurons, 17 while other studies show that experimentally induced pain perception is acutely reduced by aerobic exercise in people with chronic low back pain. 18 Recent studies have shown that EIH profiling has the ability to predict acute and chronic NP in the sciatic nerve model of a rat.…”

“…26,27 Other mechanisms that may activate inhibitory modulating system are enhancement of inhibitory neurotransmitters, such as serotonin and norepinephrine 11 interactions with the cardiovascular system, 28 and the adenosinergic system involvement. 16 Pain threshold has been monitored to be increased consistently after exercise when the painful stimulus is electrical or chemical but less for thermal stimuli. Other causes that may have an effect on EIH are the type of exercise, duration, intensity, and emotional status and stress.…”

“…It may be caused by factors related with reduction after exercise. Inhibiting neurotransmitters in brain and their different levels, such as norepinephrine and serotonin 11 and activation of the adenosinergic 16 or the opioid systems in the rat 18,26 may control the rats' EIH and has the role in pain development after the surgery. Previous studies on athletes have shown that their pain perception differs in comparison with the control group.…”