“…In our original work on the sequential templating approach, we demonstrated that the shell number of multishelled hollow metal oxide spheres is related to the concentration and penetration depth of metal ions within the carbonaceous templates and can be well adjusted by changing the concentration of metal salt solution during the adsorption process. 25,26,31,32,70,137,143,147,150,172 With the sequential templating approach, the size of the outer shell is mainly determined by that of templates adopted and could be well tuned to some extent, 179 while the sizes of inner shells are related to the forming conditions. Moreover additionally acid treatment on carbonaceous templates would result in the quadruple-shelled Co 3 O 4 microspheres ( Fig.…”