Multi-shelled hollow micro-/nanostructures

Abstract

Great progress has been made in the preparation and application of multi-shelled hollow micro-/nanostructures during the past decade. However, the synthetic methodologies and potential applications of these novel and interesting materials have not been reviewed comprehensively in the literature. In the current review we first describe different synthetic methodologies for multi-shelled hollow micro-/nanostructures as well as their compositional and geometric manipulation and then review their applications in energy conversion and storage, sensors, photocatalysis, and drug delivery. The correlation between the geometric properties of multi-shelled hollow micro-/nanostructures and their specific performance in relevant applications are highlighted. These results demonstrate that the geometry has a direct impact on the properties and potential applications of such materials. Finally, the emerging challenges and future development of multi-shelled hollow micro-/nanostructures are further discussed.

Metallic Sn‐Based Anode Materials: Application in High‐Performance Lithium‐Ion and Sodium‐Ion Batteries

“…Yolk–shell architectures with inner buffering voids can provide reserved space to hold the expansion of active materials without destroying the protective sheaths, and the inner space is also beneficial to the rapid permeation of electrolyte 135, 136, 137, 138. Lee et al139 synthesized Sn/C york–shell nanospheres with Sn particles encapsulated in hollow spherical carbon shells through a soft template method ( Figure 13 a).…”

Self‐Templated Synthesis of Ultrathin Nanosheets Constructed TiO2 Hollow Spheres with High Electrochemical Properties

“…Hollow hierarchical nanostructures with properly engineered building blocks have been devoted considerable interest for the fundamental research and practical applications in various fields, such as catalysis, biomedicine, water purification, energy storage and conversion, etc 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9…”

Colloidal Magnetic Heterostructured Nanocrystals with Asymmetric Topologies: Seeded-Growth Synthetic Routes and Formation Mechanisms

“…HNCs incorporate a countable number of discrete nanometer-scale modules (with the largest dimension smaller than~100-150 nm) made of chemically and/or structurally different materials, which are welded together via direct solid-state chemically bonded heterointerfaces to form individually distinguishable, solution freestanding multifunctional hybrid nanoplatforms. In general, HNCs may group inorganic Buonsanti et al, 2007;Jun et al, 2007;Casavola et al, 2008;Carbone and Cozzoli, 2010;Talapin et al, 2010;de Mello Donegà, 2011;Liu et al, 2011;Buck and Schaak, 2013;Sitt et al, 2013;Banin et al, 2014;Melinon et al, 2014;Purbia and Paria, 2015;Qi et al, 2015) and/or organic materials, such as polymers (Lattuada and Hatton, 2011;Liu et al, 2011;Zhang et al, 2012;He et al, 2013;Kaewsaneha et al, 2013;Pang et al, 2014;Purbia and Paria, 2015) or some carbon allotropes Liu et al, 2011;Purbia and Paria, 2015;Yan et al, 2015b). As far as the attached domains grow crystalline, the relevant heterojunctions can develop epitaxially, allowing the concerned lattices to hold precise, yet synthetically adjustable, crystallographic, and spatial relationships relative to one other (Carbone and Cozzoli, 2010;Shim and McDaniel, 2010).…”

“…The most easily controllable prototypes of HNCs delivered so far can be roughly classified into two main categories: (i) core@shell architectures, in which the component domains are arranged in concentric or eccentric onionlike topologies, where only the outer shell material, which protects the inner core, is exposed to the external environment Buonsanti et al, 2007;Jun et al, 2007;Casavola et al, 2008;Carbone and Cozzoli, 2010;de Mello Donegà, 2011;Liu et al, 2011;Zhang et al, 2012;Kaewsaneha et al, 2013;Sitt et al, 2013;Banin et al, 2014;Melinon et al, 2014;Purbia and Paria, 2015;Qi et al, 2015) [in the yolk/shell variant, a core-or shellconformal void space may also intervene in the interior (Casavola et al, 2008;Carbone and Cozzoli, 2010;Liu et al, 2011;Purbia and Paria, 2015)]; (ii) non-core@shell segregated heteroclusters, in which the constituent sections are asymmetrically arranged in space through small heterojunctions, such that a substantial fraction of the surface of each material module remains accessible Buonsanti et al, 2007;Jun et al, 2007;Casavola et al, 2008;Peng et al, 2009;Carbone and Cozzoli, 2010;de Mello Donegà, 2011;Lattuada and Hatton, 2011;Buck and Schaak, 2013;Kaewsaneha et al, 2013;Sitt et al, 2013;Banin et al, 2014;Melinon et al, 2014;Pang et al, 2014;Yan et al, 2015b). The latter cluster-type heterostructures, which encompass two-component Janus-type HNCs Casavola et al, 2008;C...…”