Hierarchical Energy Management System for Home-Energy-Hubs Considering Plug-In Electric Vehicles

Abstract

The escalating demand on Electric Vehicles (EVs) has enhanced the necessity of adequate charging infrastructure, especially in residential areas. This paper proposes a smart charging approach for off-board Electric Vehicles (EVs) chargers in Home-Energy-Hub (HEH) applications along with DC sources such as Photovoltaic (PV) and Battery Storage (BS). The proposed method facilitates smart charging and discharging of EVs to obtain both Vehicle-to-X (V2X) and X-to-Vehicle (X2V) operations focusing on the domestic applications integrated with renewable and storage elements. Furthermore, the optimal State-of-Charge (SOC) profiles for BS and EV in the HEHs system is defined by the extended Bellman-Ford-Moor Algorithm (BFMA). This modified BFMA utilizes the forecasted data such as solar irradiation, electricity tariff, and power consumption to gain economic benefits in HEHs with respect to user and EV requirements. Moreover, the plugging time, duration and initial/final SOC are fluctuating at each connection due to the stochastic nature of EV conditions and user settings. This study presents a laboratory implementation of two-level Hierarchical Energy Management System (HEMS) for HEHs with plug-in electric vehicles. In fact, the primary level includes power converters controller, while the proposed algorithm is implemented in the secondary level. Finally, the simulation and experimental results confirm the effectiveness of the proposed analysis regarding the interaction of HEHs and power grid with EVs behavior.

The traction network design of the new three‐phase 3‐kV traction power supply system based on the limits of receiving‐end voltages and negative sequence voltage unbalance factor

“…Hence, in theory, the RRs can conduct the AC current and the DC current simultaneously. In this step, there is no driver on board, while the traction converters in the TSs receive the running state information of the vehicles, and then generate variable voltage and variable fre- quency (VVVF) to drive the vehicles automatically [17]. Due to this special power supply mode, G1 and G2 are divided into n sections and only one vehicle is allowed in every section simultaneously.…”