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We present the stable carbon (δ 13 C) and oxygen (δ 18 O) isotopic composition of 75 serial samples (tooth enamels) from five mammalian fossil groups, which include giraffids, equids, bovids, tragulids, and suids, to reconstruct their diet and habitat. These mammalian faunas were recovered from a late Miocene Middle Siwalik succession exposed in Nurpur, Himachal Pradesh, India (8.14-5.26 Ma). The average δ 13 C data of the studied mammals, that is, À13.30 ± 0.71 (giraffids), À11.29 ± 0.63 (equids), À12.68 ± 0.49‰ (bovids), À12.97 ± 1.11 (tragulids), and À12.01 ± 0.47 (suids) indicates a mainly C3 diet with a minor component of C4 grass (up to 17%) and a habitat dominant by forest/woodland. The average δ 18 O value of giraffids (À5.83 ± 0.85) is slightly enriched as compared to other herbivore mammals, such as equids (À8.85 ± 1.71), bovids (À7.86 ± 0.62‰), tragulids (À8.26 ± 1.92), and suids (À10.65 ± 0.23). It suggests that the browsing giraffids could likely intake water from enriched 18 O sources, whereas the other browsing mammals consume water from depleted 18 O sources in the local ecosystem. However, the δ 18 O values indicate the existence of a warm, humid climate and more precipitation in the Siwalik during the late Miocene.

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