Hierarchical droop controlled frequency optimization and energy management of a grid-connected microgrid

The Transmission Expansion Planning (TEP) problem involves adding new lines to the existing electrical transmission network in order to meet the electrical demand requirements. Demand Response (DR) plays an important role in solving the TEP problem due to the delay in the investment costs. Researchers usually focus on the linear model of DR, while the focus on nonlinear models including power, exponential and logarithmic of DR is small. In this paper and in order to understand which model gives the realistic results, the linear model of DR is studied simultaneously with nonlinear models including power, exponential and logarithmic of DR. Moreover, the effect of incentive and penalty which has been neglected in the studies, is investigated. The study is investigated based on the viewpoint of different participants of the market including Independent System Operator (ISO), Customers and Utilities. In order to prioritize and select the most effective DR program, five characteristics including Peak Reduction, Energy Consumption, Load Factor, Peak to Valley and Customer’s Total Cost are extracted from the load curve. Then, using the weighting coefficients obtained by Entropy technique and implementing the TOPSIS and AHP technique, different DR programs are prioritized.

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of Different Non-linear Demand Response Models Considering Incentive and Penalty on Transmission Expansion Planning

Zakeri

Gashteroodkhani

Niazazari

et al. 2019

“…( email: h.f.kouhi@gmail.com ) wind energy generation. An effective method presented in research [10] shows inverter interfaced distributed energy sources can successfully mitigate the frequency excursions due to uncertainties of solar and wind generation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Control of Cascaded H-Bridge Multilevel Inverter Based on Optimum Regulation of Switching Angles, and the FPGA Implementation

Firouzkouhi

2019

A new concept in control of cascaded H-Bridge multi-level inverters is proposed in this paper. According to this concept, switching angles are considered to be independent from the fundamental voltage. A polynomial term is presented to show the relation between switching angles and DC voltages. Based on this concept, Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) calculations are updated and proved to be independent from the fundamental voltage. Thus, once calculated for minimum THD, the switching pattern can be used for any required level of output voltage. To examine the effectiveness of the proposed method, it is applied in control of an eleven level inverter. The simulation results are demonstrated and verified through experiments with a setup controlled by Xilinx SPARTAN3 family FPGA (XC3S400-PQG208).

“…In [5], the authors discuss different approaches for security risk management. A frequency security based Energy Management System for a hierarchically controlled grid is proposed in [6]. In [7], the effects of the size and location of distributed generations on loss reduction in smart grids are evaluated.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of PHEVs on Spinning Reserve and Frequency Regulation Market in Smart Grids

Badeleh¹

2019

Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) are being used in today’s smart grid with high penetration. In addition to their main transportation duty, they can be used as a reliable source of energy for the grid at the time of high demand and save money for their owners. Because PHEVs are able to quickly respond to systems need, they can be used for applications such as reserve and frequency regulations. This paper presents a cost optimization study on the effect of PHEVs presence in the reserve and frequency regulations in power grids.