Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) are being used in today’s smart grid with high penetration. In addition to their main transportation duty, they can be used as a reliable source of energy for the grid at the time of high demand and save money for their owners. Because PHEVs are able to quickly respond to systems need, they can be used for applications such as reserve and frequency regulations. This paper presents a cost optimization study on the effect of PHEVs presence in the reserve and frequency regulations in power grids.
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