Heteroatom Doped-Carbon Nanospheres as Anodes in Lithium Ion Batteries

Abstract

Long cycle performance is a crucial requirement in energy storage devices. New formulations and/or improvement of “conventional” materials have been investigated in order to achieve this target. Here we explore the performance of a novel type of carbon nanospheres (CNSs) with three heteroatom co-doped (nitrogen, phosphorous and sulfur) and high specific surface area as anode materials for lithium ion batteries. The CNSs were obtained from carbonization of highly-crosslinked organo (phosphazene) nanospheres (OPZs) of 300 nm diameter. The OPZs were synthesized via a single and facile step of polycondensation reaction between hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene (HCCP) and 4,4′-sulphonyldiphenol (BPS). The X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) analysis showed a high heteroatom-doping content in the structure of CNSs while the textural evaluation from the N2 sorption isotherms revealed the presence of micro- and mesopores and a high specific surface area of 875 m2/g. The CNSs anode showed remarkable stability and coulombic efficiency in a long charge–discharge cycling up to 1000 cycles at 1C rate, delivering about 130 mA·h·g−1. This study represents a step toward smart engineering of inexpensive materials with practical applications for energy devices.

Setaria Viridis-Inspired Electrode with Polyaniline Decorated on Porous Heteroatom-Doped Carbon Nanofibers for Flexible Supercapacitors

“…The Raman spectra of the 0.1GPHCNFs have the peak at 1349 cm –1 , corresponding to the disordered D-band, and a peak at 1593 cm –1 , corresponding to the graphitic G-band. The D-band reflects the disordered carbon attributed by sp 3 hybrid carbon atoms changed from sp 2 hybrid carbon atoms, while the G-band reflects the graphitic carbon attributed to sp 2 hybrid carbon atoms . The I D / I G value of 0.1GPHCNFs was calculated to be 2.23, which was a signature of a high amorphous carbon concentration.…”

“…The D-band reflects the disordered carbon attributed by sp 3 hybrid carbon atoms changed from sp 2 hybrid carbon atoms, while the Gband reflects the graphitic carbon attributed to sp 2 hybrid carbon atoms. 32 The I D /I G value of 0.1GPHCNFs was calculated to be 2.23, which was a signature of a high amorphous carbon concentration. The high I D /I G ratio indicates obvious defective carbon structure resulting from the introduction of HAPCP and the pyrolysis.…”

Ultralight and Flexible Carbon Foam-Based Phase Change Composites with High Latent-Heat Capacity and Photothermal Conversion Capability

“…For the MF and CF skeleton, as shown in Figure 3a, no sharp diffraction peaks were observed; instead, there was a weak and broad peak centered at the 2θ angle ranging from 22°to 26°, indicating that the CF skeleton was structurally amorphous carbon. 57 The CF skeleton was not in the crystalline phase and would be reasonable because the required crystallization temperature of the carbon skeleton was generally higher than 600 °C. 33 The commercial Ti 2 O 3 powders (100 mesh) were used as raw materials and ground to nanoparticles (NPs); the characteristic diffraction peaks could be indexed to the (012), (104), (113), (202), (024), and (116) crystallographic planes of corundum-phase Ti 2 O 3 , according to PDF # 10-0063.…”

Recent Progress on the Preparation of Cyclomatrix‐Polyphosphazene Based Micro/Nanospheres and Their Application for Drug Release

“…Due to the influence of neighboring C and O atoms, there was no peak observed for N. [53] It was also investigated that the initial molar concentration of HCCP and 6FODA was 1 : 3, but after cross-linking the molar ratio of HCCP and 6FODA was found to be 1 : 3.26. This value was a little bit higher than the actual value.…”