Herpes Simplex 1 and Periopathogen Role in Peri-implantitis

Abstract

Introduction:The objectives of this study were to compare the qualitative and quantitative profiles of herpes simplex virus type I (HSV-1) in implant surfaces between participants with periimplantitis (PI) and Healthy peri-implant tissues and to quantitatively assess the relation between HSV-1 and periopathogens inside the microbiological profile associated with PI. Materials and methods:A total of 40 patients with PI and 40 with healthy peri-implant tissues (HI) were recruited. Plaque samples from peri-implant sulcus and internal implant connections were analyzed using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction to detect and quantify HSV-1 and periodontopathogens. Frequencies of detection and levels of microorganisms were compared between PI and HI; the frequencies and levels of periodontopathogens were compared between HSV-1+ and HSV-1− PI to assess qualitative relations between HSV-1 and bacteria. Correlation between HSV-1 and periodontopathogens levels was assessed in PI and HI.Results: A total of 77 dental implants affected by PI, and 113 HIs were included. The HSV-1 prevalence was slightly higher in PI compared with controls (33.3 vs 23.8%; p > 0.05); HSV-1 was detected in external samples more frequently compared with internal samples. The HSV-1-positive patients revealed higher median loads of Prevotella intermedia (Pi) and Campylobacter rectus (Cr) compared with HSV-1-negative patients. In the PI group, a significant positive correlation was evidenced between HSV-1 and Tannerella forsythia, Parvimonas micra (Pm), Fusobacterium nucleatum, and Cr levels, while in the HI, positive correlation between HSV-1 and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Pi, and Pm was established. Conclusion:The HSV-1 prevalence cannot be used to identify PI. The HSV-1 was found in similar levels of PI and HI patients after an average of 6 years of loaded implants. The HSV-1 prevalence cannot be used to identify implants with or without the presence of PI. HerpesClinical significance: Although HSV-1 is detected in PI site, HSV-1 may represent an unspecific indicator for the host response to the bacterial challenge observed in PI.

Contribution of herpesviruses in the progression of periodontal and peri‐implant diseases in systemically healthy individuals

“…In one study, the total mean age of the participants was not reported. In four studies, all participants were nonsmokers, whereas in the study by Kato et al, smoking status of the participants was not reported (Table ). One study concluded that the subgingival presence of HCMV and EBV was associated with the etiology of peri‐implantitis.…”

“…In these studies, the total number of participants ranged between 23 and 80 individuals. All studies included both male and female patients. In one study, the total mean age of the participants was not reported.…”

“…Kato et al reported the significance of EBV and Porphyromonas gingivalis coexistence in the pathogenicity of peri‐implantitis. Parthiban et al concluded that HSV‐1 was not a reliable indicator of peri‐implantitis. One study showed an association between peri‐implant mucositis and presence of EBV type 1 in the subgingival oral biofilm (Table ).…”

“…Firstly, a recent systematic review and meta‐analysis has already assessed the association of herpesviruses with periodontal disease . Secondly, a limited number of studies in the literature have assessed the association of herpesviruses with peri‐implant diseases. Thus, the pattern of the present literature review was customized to the pertinent information.…”

“…It is therefore suggested that the overall periodontal and peri‐implant microbial shift (from commensal to gram‐negative rods and cocci) and hard tissue inflammatory effect (clinically manifested as alveolar bone resorption) is exacerbated with the presence of herpesviruses in the subgingival oral biofilm thereby worsening periodontal and peri‐implant diseases. However, it is pertinent to mention that among the studies reviewed, the etiopathogenic role of herpesviruses was assessed among individuals with and without periodontal or peri‐implant diseases. It is suggested that to elucidate the etiopathogenesis of herpesviruses in periodontal and peri‐implant diseases in systemically healthy individuals, further studies with well‐defined study groups are warranted.…”