Heat transfer and vulcanization of rubber

Cocoa pod powdered (CP) and Carbonized Cocoa pod powdered (CCP) sieved through 150 m mesh were characterized in terms of loss on ignition, surface area, moisture content, and oil absorption and used as filler in compounding natural rubber and vulcanized using efficient vulcanization system. The processing and curing characteristics of the compound mixes were determined on a Monsanto Rheometer. Physical-mechanical properties of the vulcanizates were measured as a function of filler loading. It was found that vulcanizates with 40 -50% filler loading showed maximum tensile strength of 8.4 MPa for CP, and 9.5 MPa for CCP. Hardness showed increased with increased filler loading for all the compounds. The reinforcing ability of the cocoa pod husk is not much inferior when compared to Carbon Black, N330.

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“…Cocoa pod powders were characterized in terms of loss on ignition,12 moisture content, pH of slurry,13 surface area,14 and oil absorption 9…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is known that reinforcement depend on the complex interaction of several filler‐related parameters. These include particle size, particle shape, particles dispersion, surface area, surface reactivity, structure of the filler, and the bonding quality between fillers and the rubber matrix 9, 10…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rheological and mechanical properties of natural rubber reinforced with agricultural byproduct

Imanah

Okieimen

2003

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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“…Two differenced phases are considered for the rheometry tests. First, the induction time (t i ) was considered as the time when an increase of 2 units in the MDR curve is observed [28]. Second, for the curing reaction, torque is recorded over time, and the reaction extent is determined by the torque rising and then stabilising in the shape of a plateau.…”

Section: Characterisation Of the Curing Reaction At A Laboratory Scalementioning

confidence: 99%

Cure kinetics of a composite friction material with phenolic resin/rubber compounds as organic binder

Monreal-Pérez

Ciérvide

Orzanco

et al. 2021

Plastics, Rubber and Composites

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Cure kinetics of a friction material with different proportions of rubber/resin as organic binders are investigated. The effect of including two different phenolic resins with different Btransformation times is also analysed. An experimental characterisation is done using both a moving die rheometer and an industrial press. Then, predictive models based on Kamal-Sourour, Isayev, and Claxton-Liska equations are defined. Results showed that a higher amount of resin delivered lower induction times and better fitted phenomenological methods. Higher content of resin and resin with lower B-transformation time led to faster curing reactions at laboratory and industrial scales. Samples with no resin presented an induction time that greatly depended on temperature and fitted worse than the models.

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“…Most investigations into the effect of filler particle size on polymeric composite properties have enumerated that particle size is inversely related to the reinforcing character and that an increase in surface area (as a consequence of reduced particle size) increases the composite mechanical properties. 18,19 However, it is well known that small particles with higher specific surface areas tend to aggregate because of increased filler-filler interactions. In reality, a good homogeneous filler distribution rarely occurs, and the reduction of particle size and its aggregation tendencies need to be balanced.…”

Section: Particle Size Determinationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of rice hull ash

Chaudhary¹,

Jollands²

2004

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Rice hulls, a byproduct of the rice industry, contain 60 -90% silica and are unique within nature. The annual worldwide output of rice-hull-derived silica is more than 3.2 million tons, which poses environmental concerns because of disposal issues. Burning rice hulls, as a preparative step for energy production, is a useful solution to the growing environmental concern, a desirable outcome would be the economic use of the resulting silica-rich hull ash. The economical usefulness of this silica ash in the filler market has been undermined by its limited dispersion abilities and poor interaction capability with polymers. In this study, some of the reasons for the poor performance of silica ash as a reinforcing filler in various polymeric composites were linked to its inherent characteristics: factors such as its impurity, irregular topography, porosity, and chemical and thermodynamic nature arising from its surface polarity that negatively influence the filler-matrix interactions. The silica ash obtained from a novel combustion process had about 6% (w/w) impurity, of which around 3% was volatile. We also propose that the silanation efficiency of silica ash is lower compared to other commercial silicas because of its porosity, which could hide a fraction of the silane used. Also, processing changed the particle size distribution, and this could have affected the agglomerating tendencies and seriously marked the reinforcing capabilities of the silica ash. The estimation of the surface silanol groups of the rice hull ash by thermogravimetric studies indicated that the surface silanol density was about 16/nm 2 . On a comparative scale, this value is comparable to the silanol density on precipitated silica, but a thermodynamic study of silica ash surface revealed a high surface free energy that contributed to its high aggregation tendencies and poor distribution and dispersion abilities.

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Heat transfer and vulcanization of rubber

Cited by 4 publications

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Rheological and mechanical properties of natural rubber reinforced with agricultural byproduct

Rheological and mechanical properties of natural rubber reinforced with agricultural byproduct

Cure kinetics of a composite friction material with phenolic resin/rubber compounds as organic binder

Characterization of rice hull ash

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