Rheological and mechanical properties of natural rubber reinforced with agricultural byproduct

Abstract

Cocoa pod powdered (CP) and Carbonized Cocoa pod powdered (CCP) sieved through 150 m mesh were characterized in terms of loss on ignition, surface area, moisture content, and oil absorption and used as filler in compounding natural rubber and vulcanized using efficient vulcanization system. The processing and curing characteristics of the compound mixes were determined on a Monsanto Rheometer. Physical-mechanical properties of the vulcanizates were measured as a function of filler loading. It was found that vulcanizates with 40 -50% filler loading showed maximum tensile strength of 8.4 MPa for CP, and 9.5 MPa for CCP. Hardness showed increased with increased filler loading for all the compounds. The reinforcing ability of the cocoa pod husk is not much inferior when compared to Carbon Black, N330.

Influence of mixing schemes on ageing, swelling and permeability properties of vulcanizates from blends of natural rubber and low molecular weight natural rubber in petroleum fuels and organic solvents

“…The permeability coefficient, P, was calculated from the simple relation [19]: P = DS (8) Energies of absorption. The permeability coefficient, P, was calculated from the simple relation [19]: P = DS (8) Energies of absorption.…”

Properties of vulcanizates from blends of natural rubber and thioglycolic acid modified, epoxidized, low‐molecular‐weight natural rubber filled with carbonized rubber seed shell

“…Agricultural residues are low-cost materials and are readily available in a large quantity for use everywhere; well over 300,000,000 tons are produced annually. [8][9][10] The use of carbonized forms of cocoa pod husks and ground nut husks as fillers has been previously documented, [10][11][12] and it is further thought that the use of CRSS, an agricultural waste, as a filler in TGA-ELMWNR compounding could be of technological interest in the development of useful value-added products from locally available renewable resource that are not used in food with the belief that the agricultural residue will be converted into some useful material in the rubber industry. Nevertheless, findings from this study will serve as a new set of data and information for rubber technology.…”

A Study on the Curing Characteristics, Tensile, Fatigue, and Morphological Properties of Alkali-Treated Palm Kernel Shell-Filled Natural Rubber Composites

“…Ecological concerns have resulted in various studies seeking the best substitutes for hazardous commercial chemicals and non-degradable polymers. For example, there has been much research on lignocellulosic fillers from agricultural waste, such as wheat straw fiber (Le Digabel et al 2004), rice husk ash (Sae-Oui et al 2002), oil palm ash (Ismail et al 2015), palm kernel husk (Egwaikhide et al 2007), sugarcane bagasse (Bras et al 2010), cocoa pod powder (Imanah and Okieimen 2003), and coconut shell (Onukak et al 2013).…”