Properties of vulcanizates from blends of natural rubber and thioglycolic acid modified, epoxidized, low‐molecular‐weight natural rubber filled with carbonized rubber seed shell

Akinlabi, A. K.; Okieimen, F. E.; Okwu, U. N.; Oladoja, N.A.

doi:10.1002/app.25608

Cited by 4 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 17 publications

(17 reference statements)

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“…The economic importance of Natural Rubber Latex (NRL) cannot be overemphasized due to its wider application in technological uses [1].Natural rubber (NR) is a renewable agricultural resource that is commercially used due to its outstanding polymeric properties. It can be isolated from a number of different species of plants namely Hevea brasiliensis, Funtumia elastic, Landolphia species, Manihot glaziovii etc., but commercially Hevea brasiliensis has been the most exploited species [2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Use of Modified Sugarcane Bagasse in Natural Rubber Compounding

Akinlabi¹,

Laleye²,

Akinfenwa³

et al. 2020

JCSN

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Natural rubber (NR) is a renewable agricultural resource which has gained fast technological innovation due to some inherent properties and its renewability. Compounding of natural rubber with modified and unmodified nano-sized agricultural waste is of interest because it is economical, environmentally friendly, cheap and readily available, hence, the trial of sugarcane bagasse as an additive in Natural Rubber compounding. The sugarcane bagasse was sourced locally, milled to fine powder and sieved to <100µm in size. Characterization of Natural rubber latex viz-a-viz: Dry rubber content (DRC), Total solid content (TSC), Ash content, Moisture content were carried out. The Sugarcane bagasse was modified via Hydroxylation using 10% Sodium hydroxide (NaOH). The modified sugarcane baggase (MSB) and unmodified sugarcane baggase (USB) were characterized viz-a-viz: their pH, moisture content, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and micro-pixe analysis. The extent of modification was determined via titration. The NR was thereafter compounded with USB, MSB, CB, admix of MSB with CB and admix of USB with CB to give five vulcanizates, labeled A – E ( A- 40 parts CB, B- 40 parts USB, C- 40 parts MSB, D- 20 CB : 20 USB while E was 20 CB : 20 MSB). The vulcanizates were then subjected to physico-mechanical tests viz-a-viz: Tensile strength, Modulus Elasticity, Hardness, Elongation @ break and Yield elongation. The result revealed that mix A (control) with 40 CB has the highest Tensile strength compared to the other mixes, which was followed by mixes E >D >C while B gave the least tensile strength, showing that carbon black acted better than modified sugarcane bagasse and better than unmodified sugarcane bagasse. Compatibility of the unmodified and hydroxylated sugarcane bagasse with natural rubber and carbon black was also established. The extent of the solubility of the mixes in ethanol, kerosene and petrol were investigated to determine the extent of crosslinking and mix A was very resistant to all the solvents followed by mixes C then E then D while mix B dissolves readily.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Use of Modified Sugarcane Bagasse in Natural Rubber Compounding

Akinlabi¹,

Laleye²,

Akinfenwa³

et al. 2020

JCSN

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“…The economic importance of Natural Rubber Latex (NRL) cannot be overemphasized due to its wider application in technological uses [1]. Natural rubber is a renewable agricultural resource that is commercially used as an outstanding polymeric material and it has economic values with unique performance in elasticity, flexibility, high resilience, great tensile strength and efficient heat dispersion [2][3][4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation in the Use of Cowpea Chaff as an Additive for Natural Rubber.

Akinlabi¹,

Akinfenwa²,

Idowu³

et al. 2020

JCSN

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Natural rubber is a gummy liquid obtained from the sap fluid of the tree Hevea brasilensis. It is a natural hydrocarbon polymer of 2-methyl-1-3-butadiene (isoprene), which contains one double bond per repeating unit, whose structural arrangement typifies that of a cis-isomer (cis-polyisoprene). Natural rubber in its raw gum state is tacky, fairly elastic but suffers some limitations such as poor resistance to weathering condition, low tensile strength and hence additives are always added to improve on the limitations of the natural Rubber. Most additives are imported hence constituting additional cost. Cowpea chaff was used in this study as one of the additives. The cowpea chaff was chosen for this research due to its availability and cost since it is a waste material and expected to reduce cost of production. The cowpea chaff was grinded and sieved to fine particles (powder) using 100µm. The cowpea chaff powder was divided into portions and part were modified via nitration. The modified and unmodified cowpea chaff powder were characterized to determine the Ash content, Moisture content, Volatile content, pH, Loss on ignition, X-ray florescence (XRF) analysis was carried out to ascertain the elemental composition and Infra-red spectroscopy (FT-IR) to determine the functional groups and extent of the reaction of the samples. Each of the portions were compounded with Natural Rubber (NR) using calcium carbonate as control. The physico-mechanical properties of the vulcanizates obtained were determined. The study showed that chemically modified and unmodified cowpea chaff powders were good additives (softeners). Based on the parameters tested, it can be concluded that cowpea chaff can be substituted with CaCO3 filler in NR vulcanizates.

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“…In an effort to lower costs and reduce dependence on petroleum‐based materials, a number of studies have investigated the use of renewable materials as replacements for carbon black (CB) as fillers in rubbers. The modulus enhancement of rubbers has been studied for materials such as crab shell chitin,1 cocoa pod,2 and rubber seed shell 3. Recent work at our laboratory has considered the use of a range of soy‐based materials for rubber reinforcement 4–9.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flow properties of natural rubber composites filled with defatted soy flour

Byars

Jong

2008

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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The linear and nonlinear viscoelastic properties of natural rubber composites reinforced with defatted soy flour (DSF) were studied. DSF is an abundant, renewable commodity, and its rigid nature makes it suitable as a reinforcement phase in rubber composites. At small strain, the elastic modulus of a 30% filled composite was about 20 times higher than the unfilled rubber. Greater reinforcement was observed for carbon black filled composites than for DSF filled composites at filler concentrations of 10 and 20%.At high strain, values of the relaxation modulus dropped more rapidly for highly filled DSF composites. At high shear rates in a capillary viscometer, a small reinforcement effect remained for all composites, and lower die swell was observed for DSF composites.

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Properties of vulcanizates from blends of natural rubber and thioglycolic acid modified, epoxidized, low‐molecular‐weight natural rubber filled with carbonized rubber seed shell

Cited by 4 publications

References 17 publications

The Use of Modified Sugarcane Bagasse in Natural Rubber Compounding

The Use of Modified Sugarcane Bagasse in Natural Rubber Compounding

Investigation in the Use of Cowpea Chaff as an Additive for Natural Rubber.

Flow properties of natural rubber composites filled with defatted soy flour

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