Heart Rate Responses to Taekwondo Training in Experienced Practitioners

Bridge, Craig A.; Jones, Mary Lou Helfrich; Hitchen, P. R.; Sánchez, Xavier

doi:10.1519/00124278-200708000-00011

Cited by 15 publications

(16 citation statements)

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“…To consider the potential impact of exercise intensity upon the stress-related responses, HR was recorded and expressed as a percentage of competitors HR max (Bot and Hollander 2000;Butios and Tasika 2007;Bridge et al 2007Bridge et al , 2009Chiodo et al 2011b;Toskovic et al 2002). In children, several caveats limit the determination of HR max .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Salivary cortisol and alpha-amylase reactivity to taekwondo competition in children

et al. 2011

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The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of an official taekwondo competition (three 1-min rounds with a 1-min recovery in-between) on heart rate (HR), salivary alpha-amylase (sAA), and salivary-free cortisol (sC) in children. Parental consent was obtained for 12 young (10.4 ± 0.2 years) male taekwondo athletes. Saliva sample were collected 15 min before and 1 min after an official taekwondo competition, and at 30, 60, and 90 min of the recovery period. To evaluate the exercise intensity during the competition, HR was measured and expressed as a percentage of individuals HR(peak). Athletes spent 78% of the time working at HR > 90% HR(max), with significant increases from round 1 to round 2 and 3. Peak sAA observed at the end of the match (169.6 ± 47.0 U/mL) was different (P = 0.0001) from the other samplings (pre-competition 55.0 ± 14.0 U/mL, 30-min recovery 80.4 ± 17.7 U/mL, 60-min recovery 50.5 ± 7.6 U/ml; 90-min recovery 53.2 ± 9.6 U/mL). Peak sC values observed at 30-min recovery (17.9 ± 3.5 nmol/L) were different (P < 0.0001) from pre-competition (5.6 ± 0.9 nmol/L), post-competition (9.0 ± 2.0 nmol/L), 60-min recovery (10.3 ± 2.6 nmol/L) and 90-min recovery (4.2 ± 0.8 nmol/L) values. These findings confirm that taekwondo competitions pose a high stress on young athletes. The different sAA and sC reactions in response to the physical stressor mirror the faster reactivity of the sympathetic-adrenomedullary system relatively to the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical system, respectively. This experimental paradigm might represent a useful model for further research on the effects of various stressors (i.e., training and competition) in taekwondo athletes.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Salivary cortisol and alpha-amylase reactivity to taekwondo competition in children

et al. 2011

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“…Previous studies have reported physiological profiles for male taekwondo athletes during training (Bridge et al 2007), simulated competition (Bouhlel et al 2006;Butios and Tasika 2007;Pilz-Burstein et al 2010) and real competition (Bridge et al 2009;Chiodo et al 2011a) through the measurement of heart rate, hormonal response and blood lactate concentration. Reported heart rate values for simulated combat vary from 148 ± 2 bpm (Butios and Tasika 2007) to 197 ± 2 (Bouhlel et al 2006), while less variation has been observed during competition, i.e., from 176 ± 10 bpm (Chiodo et al 2011a) to 187 ± 8 bpm (Bridge et al 2009).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Energy demands in taekwondo athletes during combat simulation

et al. 2011

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The purpose of this study was to investigate energy system contributions and energy costs in combat situations. The sample consisted of 10 male taekwondo athletes (age: 21 ± 6 years old; height: 176.2 ± 5.3 cm; body mass: 67.2 ± 8.9 kg) who compete at the national or international level. To estimate the energy contributions, and total energy cost of the fights, athletes performed a simulated competition consisting of three 2 min rounds with a 1 min recovery between each round. The combats were filmed to quantify the actual time spent fighting in each round. The contribution of the aerobic (W(AER)), anaerobic alactic (W(PCR)), and anaerobic lactic [Formula: see text] energy systems was estimated through the measurement of oxygen consumption during the activity, the fast component of excess post-exercise oxygen consumption, and the change in blood lactate concentration in each round, respectively. The mean ratio of high intensity actions to moments of low intensity (steps and pauses) was ~1:7. The W(AER), W(PCR) and W([La(-)]) system contributions were estimated as 120 ± 22 kJ (66 ± 6%), 54 ± 21 kJ (30 ± 6%), 8.5 kJ (4 ± 2%), respectively. Thus, training sessions should be directed mainly to the improvement of the anaerobic alactic system (responsible by the high-intensity actions), and of the aerobic system (responsible by the recovery process between high-intensity actions).

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“…Like other fierce sports (e.g., boxing, karate, taekwondo, and judo), wrestling can bring in considerable health benefits, including development of self-efficacy, increase of exercise capacity, reduction in falls, and enhancement of immune system and autonomic nervous system, among others (Bridge et al, 2007). However, wrestling normally places extreme demands on the entire body, thus it oftentimes causes different kinds of injuries.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Episodes of Injuries and Frequent Usage of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Taiwanese Elite Wrestling Athletes

et al. 2011

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Wrestling normally places extreme demands on the body and thus may cause various kinds of injuries. An in-depth understanding of the episodes of injured sites, types, timings, and treatment modalities would help participants be aware of wrestling-related injury occurrences so as to develop effective preventive measures. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the gender-specific injuries among elite wrestling athletes. Subjects were selected from the 2009 Taiwanese National Wrestling Sport Championship. Participants were adolescent wrestling athletes, ages 16-18, who must have received at least one bronze medal at national level tournaments in 2008. A total of 118 respondents, 96 males and 22 females, completed and returned the questionnaire in which demographic data and information about the types, sites, and timings of injuries suffered and treatment modalities adopted were elicited. The data were analyzed with independent t-tests. The questionnaire results revealed a significantly higher injury rate for males than for females. The top three injured sites for males were waist (11.1%), ankle joint (10.1%) and finger (9.6%); while for females were ankle joint (13.6%), knee (12.5%) and waist (11.3%). Contusions were the most frequent type of injury: for males (73.5%) and for females (70.6%); followed by tendon inflammation for males (10.7%) and accumulated injuries for females (15.2%). During training and matching periods, the frequency of injuries for males (69.0%) is lower than that for females (81.8%). Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) with acupuncture and moxibustion was the most common treatment modalities used for males (51.8%) and for females (68.0%); followed by orthopedics: for males (29.5%) and for females (18.0%). The present study contributed as the first effort to reveal the potency of using TCM with acupuncture and moxibustion in wrestling competitions. To prevent possible brain and body injuries in wrestling, safety education, skills and rules, and scoring systems may require further revision. Increased training of wrestling health professionals and advanced research and development of auxiliary training devices and protective equipment for wrestling athletes are also recommended.

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Heart Rate Responses to Taekwondo Training in Experienced Practitioners

Cited by 15 publications

References 0 publications

Salivary cortisol and alpha-amylase reactivity to taekwondo competition in children

Salivary cortisol and alpha-amylase reactivity to taekwondo competition in children

Energy demands in taekwondo athletes during combat simulation

Episodes of Injuries and Frequent Usage of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Taiwanese Elite Wrestling Athletes

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