Health risk assessment of pesticide residues in vegetables collected from northern part of Bangladesh

Abstract

The use of synthetic pesticides for agricultural production in developing countries like Bangladesh is unavoidable. Therefore, there is also a concern for the residual effects in public health. The present study aimed to assess the health hazards associated with the residual effect of pesticides in two common vegetables (cauliflower and tomato) collected from five different markets of a northern city of Bangladesh. A total 80 samples (i.e. 40 of each vegetable) were collected for the analysis of seven major organophosphorus insecticides namely acephate, chlorpyrifos, diazinon, dimethoate, fenitrothion, malathion and quinalphos used in that region. Modified QuEChERS (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe) extraction technique and GC-FTD (Gas Chromatography coupled with Flame Thermionic Detector) used for the analysis of the samples. Results indicate that 11 (6 cauliflower, 5 tomato) analyzed samples contained residues which are about 14% of the total number of samples. Most of the samples contaminated diazinon at a level above EU-MRLs. However, health risk assessment based on ADI, the contaminated samples were safe. Continuous monitoring together with a sample traceability system is suggested to protect consumers’ health from the cumulative effects of other contaminated dietary products.

Quantification of Pesticide Residues in Fresh Vegetables Available in Local Markets for Human Consumption and the Associated Health Risks

“…Acetamiprid and cypermethrin were the most frequently used pesticides that were identified in country bean samples, whereas no residues of thiram and lambda-cyhalothrin were identified. The findings of the present investigation agreed with the results of Islam et al, 2019, and Nahar et al, 2020 [28,29]; they found that among the 65 analyzed samples, 8 (12.3% of the total number of samples) were contaminated with pesticide residues and all of the contaminated samples contained residues above EU-MRL, collected from different markets of Savar, Bangladesh. The current outcomes are also supported by the findings of Kumar et al, 2008 [6], who reported that 15 out of 42 samples (about 35.71%) of eggplant, cauliflower, and country bean contained no residues of the considered pesticides collected from fields and markets in the Narsingdi District of Bangladesh.…”

“…In contrast, leftover residues of thiram and lambda-cyhalothrin were not found in those samples collected from the five markets. The outcome of the present study is in good agreement with the outcome of Nahar et al, 2020, andRashid et al, 2018 [5,28]; they found that among 50 analyzed samples, 11 (22% of the total number of the samples) contained residues of diazinon, dimethoate, quinalphos, and chlorpyrifos in the eggplant collected from the Mymensingh District of Bangladesh, of which, two had multiple pesticide residues and five contained residues above the EU-MRLs. This study is also supported by the findings of Hasan et al, 2017 [30], where, out of 50 analyzed samples, ten samples (20%) had residues of dimethoate and quinalphos in country bean collected from different markets of the Dhaka District of Bangladesh.…”

Multiple pesticide residue determination in major vegetables purchased from Gazipur district of Bangladesh

“…In Bangladesh, the measurement of pesticide residues is done using gas chromatography in conjunction with a flame thermionic detector in fruits and vegetables (Ahmed et al, 2021;Rahman et al, 2021;Prodhan et al, 2021;), fish and dry fish (Prodhan et al, 2018a;2010;2009;Hoque et al, 2021;), sugercane (Kabir et al, 2007), betel leaf and water (Prodhan et al, 2021a;2021b), because they are quite sensitive for the analysis of organophosphorus pesticides. Numerous studies have been done up to this point for the measurement of pesticide residues in vegetables in Bangladesh (Habib et al, 2021;Nahar et al, 2020;Islam et al, 2021;2019a;Prodhan et al, 2018b;2018c;Hossain et al, 2014;Alam et al, 2022;Parvin et al, 2021;Hasan et al, 2021;Islam et al, 2014;Kabir et al, 2008;2008a). To know more about the actual situation of pesticide residues remaining in vegetables in a particular region of Bangladesh, more research is required.…”

Development of analytical method for pesticide residue determination using LC-MS/MS

“…To determine pesticide residues in fruits, vegetables and other matrices Gas Chromatography (GC), Gas Chromatography associated with Mass Spectrometry (GCMS), High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), and Liquid Chromatography associated with Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS) are the most commonly used techniques. Among these analytical techniques, GC was used for the determination of pesticide residues in a wide variety of matrices including fruits and vegetables (Kabir et al, 2007;2008;2008a;Hoque et al, 2021;Habib et al, 2021;Prodhan et al, 2021;2021a;2021b;2018;2018a;2018b;2010;2009;Rahman et al, 2021;Nahar et al, 2020;Islam et al, 2021;2019;2019a;Hossain et al, 2014;Alam et al, 2022;Parvin et al, 2021;Parven et al, 2021;Hasan et al, 2021;Islam et al, 2014). In recent years, LC-MS/MS has been used for the determination of pesticide residues in the extracts of fruits and vegetables as it is an excellent technique which generally reduces the excessive cleanup steps, exhibits little chance of false-positive findings, and reduces the analysis time and cost (Hiemstra M. and Kok A de.…”