Has there been a delay in the age of regular smoking onset among African Americans?

Trinidad, Dennis R.; Gilpin, Elizabeth A.; Lee, Lora; Pierce, John P.

doi:10.1207/s15324796abm2803_2

Cited by 34 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Fourth, we used a tobacco deprivation manipulation in which the participant was not blind to condition; hence, we cannot disentangle the relative effects of sensorimotor loss of the smoking ritual, expectancy effects, or nicotine-mediated pharmacological changes. Fifth, later average age of daily smoking onset may be unique to this sample potentially due to the high proportion of African-Americans who tend to begin smoking later than some other racial/ethnic groups (Trinidad, Gilpin, Lee, & Pierce, 2004), which ultimately may affect the breadth of populations that these findings generalize to. Sixth, we showed that the composite withdrawal symptom index mediated smoking reinstatement effects in this study but did not include validated measures that isolate individual non-affective symptoms (e.g., hunger).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Tobacco withdrawal symptoms mediate motivation to reinstate smoking during abstinence.

Aguirre¹,

Madrid²,

Leventhal³

2015

Journal of Abnormal Psychology

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Withdrawal-based theories of addiction hypothesize that motivation to reinstate drug use following acute abstinence is mediated by withdrawal symptoms. Experimental tests of this hypothesis in the tobacco literature are scant and may be subject to methodological limitations. This study utilized a robust within-subject laboratory experimental design to investigate the extent to which composite tobacco withdrawal symptomatology level and three unique withdrawal components (i.e., low positive affect, negative affect, and urge to smoke) mediated the effect of smoking abstinence on motivation to reinstate smoking. Smokers (10≥cig/day; N=286) attended two counterbalanced sessions at which abstinence duration was differentially manipulated (1-hour vs. 17-hours). At both sessions, participants reported current withdrawal symptoms and subsequently completed a task in which they were monetarily rewarded proportional to the length of time they delayed initiating smoking, with shorter latency reflecting stronger motivation to reinstate smoking. Abstinence reduced latency to smoking initiation and positive affect and increased composite withdrawal symptom level, urge, and negative affect. Abstinence-induced reductions in latency to initiating smoking were mediated by each withdrawal component, with stronger effects operating through urge. Combined analyses suggested that urge, negative affect, and low positive affect operate through empirically-unique mediational pathways. Secondary analyses suggested similar effects on smoking quantity, few differences among specific urge and affect subtypes, and that dependence amplifies some abstinence effects. This study provides the first experimental evidence that within-person variation in abstinence impacts motivation to reinstate drug use through withdrawal. Urge, negative affect, and low positive affect may reflect unique withdrawal-mediated mechanisms underlying tobacco addiction.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Tobacco withdrawal symptoms mediate motivation to reinstate smoking during abstinence.

Aguirre¹,

Madrid²,

Leventhal³

2015

Journal of Abnormal Psychology

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“…As in lung cancer treatment, disparities also loom in tobacco treatment and are likely a result of multiple predisposing risk factors. blacks initiate smoking later (average age at onset, 17.4 years for blacks versus 14.7 years for whites; p Ͻ .05) [21] and smoke fewer cigarettes per day than whites (14.1 versus 18.4 cigarettes per day) [21,22]. However, despite later initiation, black adults smoke at rates similar to whites (black men, 23.9%; black women, 19.2%; white men, 24.5%; white women, 19.8%) [23].…”

Section: Blacks Are At Risk For Continued Smoking and Poor Cessation mentioning

confidence: 99%

Disparities Between Blacks and Whites in Tobacco and Lung Cancer Treatment

et al. 2011

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Racial disparities exist in lung cancer incidence, morbidity, and mortality. Smoking is responsible for the majority of lung cancers, and racial disparities also exist in smoking outcomes. Black smokers are less likely than white smokers to engage in evidence-based tobacco treatment, and black smokers are less likely than white smokers to stop smoking. Continued smoking following a lung cancer diagnosis is a potential indicator of poor lung cancer treatment outcomes, yet lung cancer patients who smoke are unlikely to receive evidence-based tobacco treatment. The risks from continued smoking after diagnosis deserve attention as a modifiable factor toward lessening racial disparities in lung cancer outcomes.

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“…Interestingly, populations of Black-African descent are also characterized by unique smoking patterns. Despite having a similar prevalence of current smoking as Caucasians [13], populations of Black-African descent report later ages of smoking initiation [14,15] and lower cigarette consumption [16,17]. Furthermore, populations of Black-African descent suffer from disproportionately higher rates of most tobacco-related illnesses [17], such as lung cancer [18,19], despite their lower levels of smoking.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A novel CYP2A6 allele, CYP2A6*23, impairs enzyme function in vitro and in vivo and decreases smoking in a population of Black-African descent

Mwenifumbo

Zhao

et al. 2008

Pharmacogenetics and Genomics

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Objectives-CYP2A6 is the main enzyme involved in nicotine metabolism in humans. We have identified a novel allele, CYP2A6*23 (2161C>T, R203C), in individuals of Black-African descent and investigated its impact on enzyme activity and association with smoking status.Methods-Wildtype and variant enzymes containing amino acid changes R203C (CYP2A6*23), R203S (CYP2A6*16) and V365M (CYP2A6*17) were expressed in Escherichia coli. The effect of CYP2A6*23 in vivo was examined in individuals of Black-African descent given 4 mg oral nicotine.Results-CYP2A6*23 occurred at an allele frequency of 2.0% in individuals of Black-African descent (N = 560 alleles, 95% confidence interval 0.8%-3.1%) and was not detected in Caucasians (N = 334 alleles), Chinese (N = 288 alleles) or Japanese (N = 104 alleles). In vitro, CYP2A6.23 had greatly reduced activity towards nicotine C-oxidation similar to CYP2A6.17, as well as reduced coumarin 7-hydroxylation. Conversely, CYP2A6.16 did not differ in activity compared to the wildtype enzyme. The trans-3′-hydroxycotinine to cotinine ratio, a phenotypic measure of CYP2A6 activity in vivo, was lower in CYP2A6*1/*23 and CYP2A6*23/*23 individuals(mean adjusted ratio of 0.60, n = 5) compared to CYP2A6*1/*1 individuals (mean adjusted ratio of 1.21, n = 150) (p < 0.04). CYP2A6*23 trended towards a higher allele frequency in nonsmokers (3.1%, N = 9/286 alleles) compared to smokers (0.7%, N = 2/274 alleles) (p = 0.06).Conclusions-These results suggest the novel CYP2A6*23 allele impairs enzyme function in vitro and in vivo and trends toward an association with lower risk of smoking.

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Has there been a delay in the age of regular smoking onset among African Americans?

Cited by 34 publications

References 29 publications

Tobacco withdrawal symptoms mediate motivation to reinstate smoking during abstinence.

Tobacco withdrawal symptoms mediate motivation to reinstate smoking during abstinence.

Disparities Between Blacks and Whites in Tobacco and Lung Cancer Treatment

A novel CYP2A6 allele, CYP2A6*23, impairs enzyme function in vitro and in vivo and decreases smoking in a population of Black-African descent

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