Specific needs and ideal program focuses for cessation may vary across racial/ethnic groups, such that approaches tailored by race/ethnicity might be optimal. Traditional conceptualizations of cigarette addiction and the quitting process may need to be revised for racial/ethnic minority smokers.

Discussion: These results have implications for the understanding of the tobacco dependence, the development of prevention and cessation strategies, and the applicability of harm-reduction techniques for racial/ethnic minorities. IntroductionDespite the current climate of increasing tobacco control in the United States, relatively few studies have examined smokers who report intermittent and light smoking ( Evans et al., 1992 ;Gilpin, Cavin, & Pierce, 1997 ;Husten, McCarty, Giovino, Chrismon, & Zhu, 1998 ). In part, this may be because of the perception that intermittent smoking is less harmful and that these smokers are less " addicted " than regular smokers. In this report, we defi ne intermittent smokers as current smokers who do not smoke daily and light daily smokers as those current daily smokers who consume 1 -5 cigarettes/day. Few studies to date have examined intermittent and light daily smoking among racial/ethnic groups in the United States using recent, nationally representative data. Even less research has been conducted comparing the effects of age, gender, and education between and within racial/ethnic groups on intermittent and light smoking. It is important to report on intermittent and light daily smoking behaviors across racial/ethnic groups at the national level; such information has implications for understanding the tobacco dependence and the development of smoking prevention and cessation strategies for racial/ethnic minorities. AbstractIntroduction: Limited research exists examining the prevalence of intermittent (nondaily) and light daily (1 -5 cigarettes/day) smoking across racial/ethnic groups in the United States using nationally representative data. These analyses would be informative in guiding targeted cessation strategies. Methods:Using logistic regression models controlling for age, gender, and education, we examined the prevalence of intermittent and light daily consumption among current smokers across racial/ethnic groups from the 2003 Tobacco Use Supplement to the Current Population Survey. We also examined the association of these demographic factors with consumption within each racial/ethnic group separately.Results: Black (odds ratio [ OR ] = 1.82, 95% CI = 1.59 -2.07), Asian/Pacifi c Islander ( OR = 1.62, 95% CI = 1.29 -2.04), and Hispanic/Latino ( OR = 3.2, 95% CI = 2.75 -3.74) smokers were more likely to smoke intermittently compared with nonHispanic Whites. Black ( OR = 2.69, 95% CI = 2.27 -3.18), Asian/ Pacifi c Islander ( OR = 2.99, 95% CI = 2.13 -4.19), and Hispanic/ Latino ( OR = 4.64, 95% CI = 3.85 -5.58) smokers also were more likely to have light daily consumption compared with nonHispanic Whites. Hispanic/Latino intermittent smokers smoked fewer days per month and fewer cigarettes per day compared with non-Hispanic White smokers. We found no signifi cant gender differences across racial/ethnic groups in intermittent smoking, but male smokers were signifi cantly less likely to have light daily consumption for all racial/ethnic groups.

Young adults were more likely than were older adults to quit smoking successfully. This could be explained partly by young adults, more widespread interest in quitting, higher prevalence of smoke-free homes, and lower levels of dependence. High cessation rates among young adults may also reflect changing social norms.

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Acculturation increases the risk of smoking among Hispanic and Asian American adolescents, but the underlying mechanisms are not understood. This study examined associations between English language use and smoking among 4,167 Hispanic and 2,836 Asian American adolescents in California. Potential mediators were assessed, including access to cigarettes, perceived consequences, friends' smoking, cigarette offers, refusal self-efficacy, and prevalence estimates of peer smoking. English language use was associated with increased risk of lifetime smoking in both groups. This association became nonsignificant after access, perceived consequences, friends' smoking, and offers were controlled for. The acculturation process (as indicated by English language use) may be associated with smoking-related psychosocial variables, which may lead to an increased risk of experimentation with smoking.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Non-cigarette tobacco marketing is less regulated and may promote cigarette smoking among adolescents. We quantified receptivity to advertising for multiple tobacco products and hypothesized associations with susceptibility to cigarette smoking.

IMPORTANCE Cigarette marketing contributes to initiation of cigarette smoking among young people, which has led to restrictions on use of cigarette advertising. However, little is known about other tobacco advertising and progression to tobacco use in youth and young adults. OBJECTIVE To investigate whether receptivity to tobacco advertising among youth and young adults is associated with progression (being a susceptible never user or ever user) to use of the product advertised, as well as conventional cigarette smoking. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS The Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study at wave 1 (2013-2014) and 1-year follow-up at wave 2 (2014-2015) was conducted in a US population-based sample of never tobacco users aged 12 to 24 years from wave 1 of the PATH Study (N = 10 989). Household interviews using audio computer-assisted self-interviews were conducted. EXPOSURES Advertising for conventional cigarettes, electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes), cigars, and smokeless tobacco products at wave 1. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Progression to susceptibility or ever tobacco use at 1-year follow-up in wave 2. RESULTS Of the 10 989 participants (5410 male [weighted percentage, 48.3%]; 5579 female [weighted percentage, 51.7%]), receptivity to any tobacco advertising at wave 1 was high for those aged 12 to 14 years (44.0%; 95% confidence limit [CL], 42.6%-45.4%) but highest for those aged 18 to 21 years (68.7%; 95% CL, 64.9%-72.2%). e-Cigarette advertising had the highest receptivity among all age groups. For those aged 12 to 17 years, susceptibility to use a product at wave 1 was significantly associated with product use at wave 2 for conventional cigarettes, e-cigarettes, cigars, and smokeless tobacco products. Among committed never users aged 12 to 17 years at wave 1, any receptivity was associated with progression toward use of the product at wave 2

Aim To examine the association between smoking mentholated cigarettes and smoking cessation, separately for different racial/ethnic groups. Design Secondary data analysis of the 2003 and 2006–07 Tobacco Use Supplements to the Current Population Survey. Setting United States. Participants African American, Asian American/Pacific Islander, Hispanic/Latino, Native American, non-Hispanic white adults. Measurements Examined relations between the use of mentholated cigarettes and measures of smoking cessation. Findings Among African Americans (ORadj = 1.62, 95% CI: 1.35–1.95) and Hispanics/Latinos (ORadj = 1.21, 95% CI: 1.00–1.47), those who currently smoked mentholated cigarettes were more likely be seriously considering quitting in the next six months than were non-menthol smokers, after adjusting for sociodemographic factors. African Americans (ORadj = 1.87, 95% CI: 1.60– 2.19) and Hispanics/Latinos (ORadj = 1.34, 95% CI: 1.11–1.62) who smoked mentholated cigarettes were also significantly more likely to have a positive estimation of successfully quitting in the next six months compared to non-menthol smokers. These associations were not found among Asian Americans/Pacific Islanders, Native Americans/Alaska Natives and Non-Hispanic Whites. Among former smokers, across racial/ethnic groups, those who smoked mentholated cigarettes (vs. non-menthols) were significantly less likely to have successfully quit for at least six months: African Americans (ORadj = 0.23, 95% CI: 0.17–0.31), Asian Americans/Pacific Islanders (ORadj = 0.22, 95% CI: 0.11–0.45), Hispanics/Latinos (ORadj = 0.48, 95% CI: 0.34–0.69) and Non-Hispanic Whites (ORadj = 0.28, 95% CI: 0.25–0.33). Conclusion Across race/ethnic groups, those who used to regularly smoke mentholated cigarettes were less likely to have experienced long-term quitting success. Cessation programs should consider the type of cigarette typically smoked by participants, particularly menthols.