Hardware-intrinsic security primitives enabled by analogue state and nonlinear conductance variations in integrated memristors

Nili, Hussein; Adam, Gina C.; Hoskins, Brian D.; Prezioso, M.; Kim, Jeeson; Mahmoodi, Mohammad Reza; Bayat, F. Merrikh; Kavehei, Omid; Strukov, Dmitri B.

doi:10.1038/s41928-018-0039-7

Cited by 161 publications

(140 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…In this section, memristor-based PUFs are introduced in detail, including an authentication PPUF, [81] a weak PUF design based on D2D variation, [82,83] a memristor-based strong PUF design enabled by the analog state and nonlinear conductance variations, [84] and a double-layer PUF design. These characteristics can be leveraged in PUF generation.…”

Section: Memristors For Puf Applicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A memristor-based weak PUF can be implemented with switching parameters [84,[89][90][91] and D2D variation. A weak PUF has few CRPs but has very high reliability.…”

Section: Memristor-based Weak Pufsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thus, a large CRP space and comparatively lower reliability are needed. [84] In this work, a novel approach was used to maximize the functional performance of memristor PUFs, analog tuning of the memristors' conductance. For memristors, it is difficult to realize the above structure because they require a complex circuit to finish operations (Forming/ Reset/Set).…”

Section: Memristor-based Strong Pufsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Up to 2 × C M N bits of response can be generated from an M × N array with the method above. [84] Copyright 2018, Springer Nature. A large portion of memristor-based strong PUFs are based on this principle or its deformation, [102][103][104][105][106] and the others employ more complex techniques (e.g., memristor-based arbiter PUFs [107][108][109][110][111][112][113] and memristor-based ring oscillator PUFs).…”

Section: Memristor-based Strong Pufsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The target conductance is found by randomly generating C exclusive selections (C different S R , S C +, and S C − sets). [84] The proposed strong PUF achieved a good balance between reliability, large CRP space, and cost by utilizing the analog state and nonlinear conductance variations in integrated memristors as a new entropy source. Figure 5c shows the UF, DF, and BER for the collected data.…”

Section: Wwwadvelectronicmatdementioning

confidence: 99%

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Memristors for Hardware Security Applications

Pang

Gao

Lin

et al. 2019

Adv Elect Materials

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Memristors have recently been explored for hardware security applications such as true random number generators (TRNGs) and physical unclonable functions (PUFs). Several typical designs for memristor‐based PUFs and TRNGs are summarized. PUFs are a novel hardware security primitive utilizing the intrinsic randomness of a physical system, and PUFs have broad potential applications in key protection and authentication. Unlike most conventional PUFs based on manufacturing variations, memristors have both manufacturing variations and intrinsic randomness in their resistance‐switching mechanisms that can be utilized as entropy sources; for instance, device to device (D2D) variation and probabilistic switching behaviors. TRNGs are a cornerstone of hardware security and are widely used in secure chips and encryption protocols. Memristors have random telegraph noise (RTN) and cycle to cycle (C2C) variation characteristics that can be used for high‐quality TRNGs. Here, research progress in memristor‐based PUFs and TRNGs is reviewed, and how these sources of randomness are leveraged to generate security primitives is discussed.

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Section: Memristors For Puf Applicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A memristor-based weak PUF can be implemented with switching parameters [84,[89][90][91] and D2D variation. A weak PUF has few CRPs but has very high reliability.…”

Section: Memristor-based Weak Pufsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Memristor-based Strong Pufsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Memristor-based Strong Pufsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Wwwadvelectronicmatdementioning

confidence: 99%

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Memristors for Hardware Security Applications

Pang

Gao

Lin

et al. 2019

Adv Elect Materials

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Visualizing Thermally Activated Memristive Switching in Percolating Networks of Solution‐Processed 2D Semiconductors

Sangwan

Rangnekar

Kang

et al. 2021

Adv Funct Materials

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Memristive systems present a low-power alternative to silicon-based electronics for neuromorphic and in-memory computation. 2D materials have been increasingly explored for memristive applications due to their novel biomimetic functions, ultrathin geometry for ultimate scaling limits, and potential for fabricating large-area, flexible, and printed neuromorphic devices. While the switching mechanism in memristors based on single 2D nanosheets is similar to conventional oxide memristors, the switching mechanism in nanosheet composite films is complicated by the interplay of multiple physical processes and the inaccessibility of the active area in a twoterminal vertical geometry. Here, the authors report thermally activated memristors fabricated from percolating networks of diverse solution-processed 2D semiconductors including MoS 2 , ReS 2 , WS 2 , and InSe. The mechanisms underlying threshold switching and negative differential resistance are elucidated by designing large-area lateral memristors that allow the direct observation of filament and dendrite formation using in situ spatially resolved optical, chemical, and thermal analyses. The high switching ratios (up to 10 3 ) that are achieved at low fields (≈4 kV cm −1 ) are explained by thermally assisted electrical discharge that preferentially occurs at the sharp edges of 2D nanosheets. Overall, this work establishes percolating networks of solutionprocessed 2D semiconductors as a platform for neuromorphic architectures.

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Reconfigurable Electronic Physically Unclonable Functions Based on Organic Thin‐Film Transistors with Multiscale Polycrystalline Entropy for Highly Secure Cryptography Primitives

Kim

et al. 2022

Adv Funct Materials

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In this study, organic thin-film transistors (OTFTs) are investigated as a promising platform for cost-effective, reconfigurable, and strong electronic physically unclonable functions (PUFs) for highly secure cryptography primitives. Simple spin-casting of solution-processable small-molecule organic semiconductors forms unique and unclonable fingerprint thin films with randomly distributed polycrystalline structures ranging from nanoscale molecular orientations to microcrystalline orientations, which provides a stochastic entropy source of device-to-device variations for OTFT arrays. Blending organic semiconductors with polymer materials is a promising strategy to improve the reliability of OTFT-based PUFs. Studies on the relationship between the phase-separated polycrystalline microstructure of organic semiconductor/polymer blend films and PUF characteristics reveal that the 2D mosaic microcrystalline structure of organic semiconductors in the vertically phase-separated trilayered structure enables the implementation of OTFT-based PUFs that simultaneously satisfy the requirements of being unclonable and unpredictable, with reliable cryptographic properties. The inherent multiscale randomness of the crystalline structure allows random distribution in OTFT-based PUFs even with various channel dimensions. The secret bit stream generated from the OTFT-based PUF developed in this study is reconfigurable by simply changing the gate bias, demonstrating the potential to counter evolving security attack threats.

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Hardware-intrinsic security primitives enabled by analogue state and nonlinear conductance variations in integrated memristors

Cited by 161 publications

References 40 publications

Memristors for Hardware Security Applications

Memristors for Hardware Security Applications

Visualizing Thermally Activated Memristive Switching in Percolating Networks of Solution‐Processed 2D Semiconductors

Reconfigurable Electronic Physically Unclonable Functions Based on Organic Thin‐Film Transistors with Multiscale Polycrystalline Entropy for Highly Secure Cryptography Primitives

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