Hand in Motion Reveals Mind in Motion

Freeman, Jonathan B.; Dale, Rick; Farmer, Thomas A.

doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00059

Cited by 289 publications

(263 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…Participants completed a computer-based multiple-choice version of the CRT while their mouse cursor movements were recorded. Mouse tracking has been used in other areas of psychology to reveal the time course of decisions on the basis of participants' mouse cursor trajectories over a short period of time (Freeman, Dale, & Farmer, 2011;Spivey, Grosjean, & Knoblich, 2005). We employ it here to capture the cognitive processing underlying CRT performance over a longer timescale.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…In previous mouse tracking research (e.g. Freeman et al, 2011;Spivey et al, 2005), recording movements over a few seconds, the cursor typically moves straight to a response option, curves between two of them, or in some cases moves to one, and then the other. In our data, unfolding over up to 60 seconds, participants move and rest the cursor many times The time course data also allow us to supplement the response time analyses reported above by looking at the speed at which participants moved the mouse cursor to the region of the response option they eventually did select.…”

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The time course of conflict on the Cognitive Reflection Test

2016

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Reasoning that is deliberative and reflective often requires the inhibition of intuitive responses.The Cognitive Reflection Test (CRT) is designed to assess people's ability to suppress incorrect heuristic responses in favor of deliberation. Correct responding on the CRT predicts performance on a range of tasks in which intuitive processes lead to incorrect responses, suggesting indirectly that CRT performance is related to cognitive control. Yet little is known about the cognitive processes underlying performance on the CRT. In the current research, we employed a novel mouse tracking methodology to capture the time-course of reasoning on the CRT. Analysis of mouse cursor trajectories revealed that participants were initially drawn towards the incorrect (i.e., intuitive) option even when the correct (deliberative) option was ultimately chosen.Conversely, participants were not attracted to the correct option when they ultimately chose the incorrect intuitive one. We conclude that intuitive processes are activated automatically on the CRT and must be inhibited in order to respond correctly. When participants responded intuitively, there was no evidence that deliberative reasoning had become engaged.

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The time course of conflict on the Cognitive Reflection Test

2016

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“…That is, trajectories for unit decade incompatible targets traced to the left of the trajectories for compatible targets. Such behavior cannot be explained by an embodiment view of two-digit number representation (Bloechle et al, 2015), and instead supports a model where decision dynamics stem from competition among parallel and partially active responses (Freeman, Dale, & Farmer, 2011). Of course, the present work is not sufficient to completely specify the architecture of such a model, so this will likely be an exciting future avenue for research.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 77%

Reversing the Manual Digit Bias in Two-Digit Number Comparison

Faulkenberry

Cruise

Shaki

2017

Experimental Psychology

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Though recent work in numerical cognition has supported a strong tie between numerical and spatial representations (e.g., a mental number line), less is known about such ties in multi-digit number representations. Along this line, Bloechle, Huber, and Moeller (2015) found that pointing positions in two-digit number comparison were biased leftward toward the decade digit. Moreover, this bias was reduced in unit-decade incompatible pairs. In the present study, we tracked computer mouse movements as participants compared two-digit numbers to a fixed standard (55). Similar to Bloechle et al. (2015), we found that trajectories exhibited a leftward bias that was reduced for unit-decade incompatible comparisons. However, when positions of response labels were reversed, the biases reversed. That is, we found a rightward bias for compatible pairs that was reduced for incompatible pairs. This result calls into question a purely embodied representation of place value structure and instead supports a competition model of two-digit number representation.

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“…Recently, behavioral testing methodologies have been developed that place a stronger emphasis on the dynamics of the action-based components of RS (Duran, Dale, & McNamara, 2010;Spivey, Grosjean, & Knoblich, 2005). As one example, by tracking the streaming pixelcoordinate trajectories of computer-mouse movements as the cursor is moved to a presented stimulus, one can obtain an action-based index of the co-activation of stimulusresponse (S-R) alternatives representations (Freeman, Dale, Farmer, 2011;Song & Nakayama, 2006;Spivey et al, 2005;Magnuson et al, 2007). The continuous nature of the movement trajectories can provide more direct evidence for competition between response options that cannot be easily detected when reaction time (RT) is the primary measure (Eriksen & Eriksen, 1974;Kornblum, 1965;Miller, 1988Miller, , 1993.…”

Section: Computer-mouse Tracking and The Dynamics Of Response Selectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Stated broadly, experimental results have consistently demonstrated that arm movements (as measured by the movement trajectories of the computer mouse or other devices) systematically reflect ongoing cognitive processes in a wide range of tasks (for reviews of this literature, see Freeman, Dale, & Farmer, 2011;Song & Nakayama, 2009). …”

Section: Computer-mouse Tracking and The Dynamics Of Response Selectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reaching into response selection: Stimulus and response similarity influence central operations.

Wifall¹,

Buss²,

Farmer³

et al. 2017

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Perfor

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iv ABSTRACT This dissertation examines the impact of stimulus and response similarity on response selection. Traditional models of response selection invoke a central processor that operates like a look-up table by matching the perceptually classified stimulus (e.g., green square) to the specified response (e.g., right button press). The look-up property of response selection affords the system the ability to map any stimulus onto any response, even if that stimulus-response has never been paired before. Under such an approach, the degree of perceptual similarity or dissimilarity that exists among stimuli in the environment should have little effect on central operations, the similarity or dissimilarity of the motor response executed in response to a stimulus should not influence response selection, and no interaction between stimulus and response features is permitted, given that stimulus features affect the encoding process, and response features affect the output process, but not response selection itself.Eight studies examine the influence of stimulus and response similarity during response selection. The first two experiments establish the interaction across different task demands between stimulus and response similarity. The interaction was not the result of perceptual difficulty (Experiment 3) and was extended to a new set of stimuli (Experiment 4). A consequence of the design in Experiments 1 -4 was that response condition was confounded with response configuration. In one of the response conditions the target location had three competitors on one side of it compared to the other condition where the target had one competitor on one side and two others on the other side.Experiments 5 and 6 examined the separate roles that response configuration and response metrics had on the interaction between stimulus and response similarity. The mechanism that produced the interaction was the result of competition between partially activated stimulus-response alternatives. Experiments 7 and 8 further explored the role of competition during response selection by turning to traditional response selection methodologies that introduce competition through either the presentation of irrelevant v stimulus information or through presenting the stimulus along an irrelevant spatial dimension.These data have broad implications for models of RS. To account for the ability to pair any stimulus modality with any response modality dominant accounts of RS assume that central operations are performed by a generic set of processes that operate over representations that are stripped of metric information (amodal representations).Response selection works as a look-up table that receives a categorized stimulus as an input and returns an abstract response code as output. This type of model cannot produce an interaction between stimulus and response similarity and thus, the present data provide a serious challenge to these types of models. Finally, the data provide evidence that the metric relationship between stimuli and response matter an...

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Hand in Motion Reveals Mind in Motion

Cited by 289 publications

References 36 publications

The time course of conflict on the Cognitive Reflection Test

The time course of conflict on the Cognitive Reflection Test

Reversing the Manual Digit Bias in Two-Digit Number Comparison

Reaching into response selection: Stimulus and response similarity influence central operations.

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