H2O2-assisted photoelectrocatalytic degradation of Mitoxantrone using CuO nanostructured films: Identification of by-products and toxicity

Abstract

CuO nanostructured thin films supported on silicon with 6.5 cm 2 area (geometric area greater than the studies reported in the literature) were synthesized by a chemical bath deposition technique. The electrodes were characterized by MEV, XRD, XPS, contact angle, cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy analyses. To evaluate the photoelectrochemical properties of the CuO films, photocurrent-voltage measurements were performed using linear voltammetry. The catalytic activities of CuO nanostructures were evaluated by monitoring photodegradation of Mitoxantrone (MTX) under UV-A light irradiation. The method of photoelectrocatalysis (PEC), applying a voltage of 1.5 V and assisted by adding H 2 O 2 , was undertaken. To the best of our knowledge, no studies on the degradation of anticancer agents using PEC process have been found in the literature. For comparison purposes, experiments were performed under the same conditions by assisted photocatalysis (PC) with H 2 O 2 and direct photolysis. CuO deposits consists of a needle-like morphology. The presence of CuO in the tenorite phase was evidenced by XRD and the XPS spectra showed the presence of copper(II) oxide. The increase in current under illumination shows that CuO exhibits photoactivity. The PEC system showed a 75% level of MTX degradation, while the level achieved using PC was 50%. Under UV-A light alone only 3% removal was obtained after 180 min. Up to 10 by-products were identified by chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) with m/z values ranging between 521 and 285 and a plausible degradation route has been proposed. It is worth mentioning that 9 by-products identified in this work, were not found in the literature in other studies of degradation or products generated as metabolites. The toxicity tests of MTX before and after PEC treatment with

Investigating the interaction of mitoxantrone with anionic surfactants by spectrofluorimetry and its application for the feasible analysis of pharmaceutical preparation and biological fluids

“…Suggested degradation pathway for MTX under different stress conditions showing the main degradation product under each condition. The mechanism is suggested based on the previously reported results [ 40,41 ] …”

“…Further attack of the hydroxylated derivative by HO • radicals resulted in conversion of terminal hydroxyl group in the side chains into a carboxylate group and cleavage of aliphatic side chains at different stages. [ 41 ] Hydroxylation of phenolic compounds occurs only in the presence of catalysts. [ 42 ] In the previously mentioned study, CuO was used as catalyst and therefore hydroxylation was not an expected pathway in the present study.…”

Synthesis and Characterization of N and Fe-Doped TiO2 Nanoparticles for 2,4-Dimethylaniline Mineralization

“…Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) are an alternative to completely mineralizing for numerous contaminants, as it is not a selective process [ 7 ]. AOPs are able to remove various types of pollutants from attacks by reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated in the system [ 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 ]. Heterogeneous photocatalysis (PC) are AOPs that involves the activation of a photocatalyst by light irradiation.…”

Facile Synthesis of CuO Nanosheets and Efficient Degradation of Rhodamine B in a Copper Oxide/Ascorbic Acid/Hydrogen Peroxide System: Kinetics, Fate of Ascorbic Acid, and Mechanism

“…To address these challenges, various strategies (e. g. other transition metal catalysts, non‐metallic Fenton‐like and photo‐Fenton catalysts etc.) were investigated for the degradation of organic contaminants . Actually, regardless of the heterogeneous Fenton reagents used, two important reactions are involved (Equations 1 and . …”

“…were investigated for the degradation of organic contaminants. [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16] Actually, regardless of the heterogeneous Fenton reagents used, two important reactions are involved (Equations 1 and 2).…”