H:LiNbO3 waveguides: effects of annealing

Ganshin, V. A.; Korkishko, Yu. N.

doi:10.1016/0030-4018(91)90156-8

Cited by 28 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…An increase of erbium sulfate percentage in the molten salt over a certain value-depending on ion-exchange species-can involve a local charge unbalancing due to lithium high mobility. The situation is usually described in terms of buildup of blocking forces, 14,15 the origin of which is to be found in the concentration gradient of the species involved in the process. This leads to the formation of some barrier layers which limit a further diffusion of erbium.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Erbium doping of LiNbO3 by the ion exchange process

Sada

Borsella

Caccavale

et al. 1998

Applied Physics Letters

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Erbium-doped LiNbO3 slides are fabricated by the ion exchange process. Compositional in-depth profiles of the species involved in the exchange are obtained by secondary ion mass spectrometry. Spectroscopic properties of Er3+ ions in the matrix are determined by photoluminescence spectroscopy. Structural and spectroscopic analyses suggest the formation of two different microstructures in the exchanged region. The potential of ion exchange for a controlled doping of LiNbO3 is outlined

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Erbium doping of LiNbO3 by the ion exchange process

Sada

Borsella

Caccavale

et al. 1998

Applied Physics Letters

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“…The key role is most probably played by aggressive hydrogen atoms, their density being higher at low pressure. Lithium outlet can be expected in the form of Li 2 O, LiOH or LiH [18,19]. The energy necessary for escape from the sample surface comes from the hydrogen recombination heat and/or the de-excitation of vibrationally excited hydrogen molecules.…”

Section: Hydrogen Plasma Processingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plasma processing of in a hydrogen/oxygen radio-frequency discharge

Turčičová¹,

Peřina²,

Vacı́k³

et al. 1998

J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys.

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Monocrystalline was processed in a radio-frequency (27.12 MHz) discharge in hydrogen and subsequently in oxygen and the composition of the thus produced surface layers evaluated. The hydrogen plasma treatment caused a heavy blackening of the sample due to chemical reduction. At low pressures ( Torr) the niobate structure on the sample surface was completely destroyed; only niobium and its oxides remained on the surface. At higher pressures ( Torr) the niobate structure was preserved. Hydrogenation of the surface layer was found which persisted up to 500C. Subsequent treatment in an oxygen plasma under similar processing conditions brought about the restoration of the transparency of the sample. The following methods were used for the modified surface structure analysis: neutron depth profiling, Rutherford backscattering, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and VIS and IR spectrometry.

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“…It is well known that in proton-exchanged LiNbO, waveguides electrooptic coefficients are reduced [7]. Annealing treatments again enhance the electrooptic coefficients to nearly the LiNbO, values, but these treatments also change the index profile from step-like to Gaussian form [20]. Furthermore, deformations and strains, mode diffraction and optical loss in the waveguiding layer are lowered [18].…”

Section: Annealingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of photorefractive LiNbO3 waveguides fabricated by combined proton and copper exchange

Rickermann

Kip

Gather

et al. 1995

Phys. Stat. Sol. (a)

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Photorefractive planar waveguides in LiNbO3 are fabricated by a combined proton and copper exchange. The dependence of refractive index profiles, optical absorption, and electrooptic coefficients on different fabrication steps is investigated. With holographic methods dark and photoconductivity, holographic sensitivity, and light‐induced refractive index change in the waveguides are measured. By the additional copper exchange the steady state diffraction efficiency of holographic gratings in our proton‐exchanged waveguides is increased from 0.01 to 65%.

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H:LiNbO3 waveguides: effects of annealing

Cited by 28 publications

References 34 publications

Erbium doping of LiNbO3 by the ion exchange process

Erbium doping of LiNbO3 by the ion exchange process

Plasma processing of in a hydrogen/oxygen radio-frequency discharge

Characterization of photorefractive LiNbO3 waveguides fabricated by combined proton and copper exchange

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