Guided Wave Inspection of Bars in Reinforced-Concrete Beams Using Surface-Mounted Vibration Sensors

Abstract

Steel reinforcement bars (rebars) in concrete structures are inaccessible and not conducive to many inspection methods. This paper proposes a non-invasive technique based on guided waves for detecting localised abnormalities in rebars embedded in concrete beams. The technique is predicated on previously published observations that guided waves are strongly reflected by discontinuities at the frequency at which they begin to propagate, i.e., at cut-on. The reflection coefficient at cut-on is estimated using a simple wave decomposition in which a near-zero wavenumber value is assumed. A simulated study is first carried out to evaluate the technique on a concrete beam featuring four rebars. The wave finite element approach is adopted to model two uniform beams which are coupled via a short, damaged section modelled in conventional finite element analysis. Estimated reflection coefficients arising from the discontinuity are close to the true values at cut-on and independent of frequency elsewhere, so that no prior knowledge of cut-on frequencies is required. Three steel-reinforced concrete beams were fabricated—one uniform and two with localised rebar damage—and reflection coefficients were estimated from measured transfer functions. As predicted, abrupt deviations in the reflection coefficient occurred at cut-on frequencies for both damaged beams.

Sleeved waveguide ultrasonic sensor for monitoring concrete health

“…However, typically such studies are limited to monitoring the setting and curing process [22][23][24][25][26] and assessing the debonding between steel bars and concrete due to pitting, corrosion and debonding. [27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41] This paper aims to demonstrate a novel waveguide ultrasonic sensor technique for detecting and monitoring defects or delaminations within the concrete volume. One of the significant challenges of using guided ultrasonic waves in this context is that the surrounding concrete medium strongly attenuates the wave energy, limiting the range of inspection within the bulk.…”

“…However, typically such studies are limited to monitoring the setting and curing process 22–26 and assessing the debonding between steel bars and concrete due to pitting, corrosion and debonding. 27–41…”

Detecting cracks due to steel corrosion in reinforced cement mortar using intermodulation generation of ultrasonic waves

“…Up to date, several mechanical wave testing techniques have been investigated to evaluate the damage produced on concrete due to rebar corrosion, such as the Impact-Echo method [13] or the Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity test [14]. The effects of corrosion on the propagation of guided waves through the reinforcing steel bars has been also studied by several researchers [15][16][17][18]. The variations of time-of-flight and attenuation were common features used therein to detect mechanical damage in the concrete or cross-section reductions of the steel rebars.…”