Detecting cracks due to steel corrosion in reinforced cement mortar using intermodulation generation of ultrasonic waves

Miró, Marina Martinez; Eiras, Jesús N.; Poveda-Martínez, Pedro; Climent, M.Á.; Ramis, J.

doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.122915

Cited by 22 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…Another example of the advantages of seismic treatment compared to the existing approaches, consist in the non-destructive nature which enables repeatability, without affecting the properties of the specimen. In contrast to the uniaxial tests, the growing body of the ultrasonic wave measurements [49][50][51][52] indicate that seismic testing is a more advanced method which uses remote sensing approach rather than direct contact with soil specimens. Correlation between the thickness of the added cement mortar and dynamic behaviour of the rock masses can be measured by seismic wave propagation [53].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Resonant Frequency Ultrasonic P-Waves for Evaluating Uniaxial Compressive Strength of the Stabilized Slag–Cement Sediments

Lindh

Lemenkova

2021

Nordic Concrete Research

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Marine sediments can be stabilized by ultra high-strength binders: cement, Cement Kiln Dust (CKD) and slag. The properties of the stabilized soil indicate potential to their reuse. This study investigated the performance of the unconfined compressive strength (UCS) in the marine sediments stabilized by binder (cement, CKD, slag), tested by ultrasonic P-waves. Materials include 194 specimens collected from the port of Gothenborg. The experiment was performed in Swedish Geotechnical Institute (SGI). The UCS of specimens stabilized by different ratio of binders (cement, CKD, slag) was tested by resonance frequencies of the elastic P-waves. The significant increase in the UCS (>1500 kPa) was recorded for the highest values of CKD and cement, and low values of slag. The correlation profiles of low water/high binder (LW/HB) cement/slag (40/60%) were controlled by curing time. The slag–cement–CKD simplex tests demonstrated UCS of samples with low/high water content and various binder ratio of cement (kg/m3). The ratio of cement binder and curing time play a critical role in the increase of UCS followed by mechanical properties of specimens and intensity of stress. The highest values exceed 1000 m/s in P-waves. The results shown high accuracy (97%) and non-contacting approach for testing UCS of sediments. Seismic methods can be applied to test the UCS of the stabilized sediments, and also in-situ via seismic CPT, surface testing or cross hole seismic testing.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Resonant Frequency Ultrasonic P-Waves for Evaluating Uniaxial Compressive Strength of the Stabilized Slag–Cement Sediments

Lindh

Lemenkova

2021

Nordic Concrete Research

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“…Having information on damage levels can be used to minimise risk, guide proper action of rehabilitation and reduce potential financial loss. Over the past decades, many non-destructive techniques (NDT) have been used, such as Acoustic Emission Technique (AET) [1] for concrete cracking monitoring and characterisation, ultrasonic waves for the detection of damage [2] or for the mechanical characterisation in concrete [3], modal analysis and finite-element method for structural health monitoring [4] and Digital Image Correlation for quantification of fracture properties of concrete [5,6]. Another technique that can be used to detect damage in concrete is the monitoring of its electrical resistance [7][8][9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Experimental Approach for Characterisation of Concrete Damage Using the Wheatstone Bridge Circuit

2021

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In this paper, a method for the detection of concrete damage under three bending test using Wheatstone bridge concept is presented. The damage is detected by monitoring a change in voltage drop (DV) at the Wheatstone bridge. Good correlations between crack opening and voltage drop and between damage variable and voltage drop were observed. Results of these tests confirmed that the voltage drop increase with the increase of the damage. The voltage drop significantly increases from 0.005 to 0.340 V when the damage variable increases from 0.005 to 0.93. At this stage, specimen can be considered as completely fractured. Thus, this underlines that the self-sensing method using Wheatstone bridge as the concept of electrical resistance concrete measurement is one potential technique to detect mechanical damage. Furthermore, a special effort was put on investigation of the optimal location of electrodes, i.e. which location along the specimens is the most sensitive to the damage, and the higher sensitivity is obtained when the electrodes are close to the crack location. It has been found that the sensitivity may drop by 50% when the distance between the sensor and the notch tip increases of 400%. Finally, digital image correlation (DIC) technique is also used to investigate the crack propagation during the test and to define its correlation with Wheatstone bridge voltage drop.

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“…Chen et al 39 found that the VM method is effective in evaluating the progression of concrete cracks in concentrated form and distributed form. 39 Miró et al 40 developed a VM method, in which both input pump and carrier signals were ultrasonic waves to detect different levels of corrosion at steel rebar in reinforced concrete. 40 However, the studies showed that the accurate identification of sideband location in the frequency domain through the IM method is difficult because the natural vibration modes of structures are usually not isolated and easily masked by the noise level or the aliasing effect of signal processing.…”

Section: Conventional Vibro-acoustic Modulation Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Amplitude-Modulation Vibro-Acoustic Technique for Damage Evaluation

Yin

Vidler

et al. 2022

Structural Health Monitoring

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This study proposes an amplitude-modulation vibro-acoustic (AMVA) technique to track the evolution of thermal damage in pristine graphene mortar. In the proposed amplitude-modulation technique, the pump wave is amplitude-modulated using three different methods: (1) the pure amplitude-modulated (PAM) method, (2) the suppressive amplitude-modulated (SAM) method and (3) the transmitted amplitude-modulated (TAM) method. The nonlinear parameters [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] corresponding to the PAM, SAM and TAM methods, respectively, are theoretically established and experimentally demonstrated that the nonlinear parameters associated with the material nonlinearity, and they can be used to quantitatively characterize different damage stages of thermal damage. Meanwhile, the resonant frequency (RF) and ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) tests are conducted. The linear measurements, dynamic elastic modulus [Formula: see text] obtained from RF test and ultrasonic pulse velocity [Formula: see text] collected by UPV test, are used to compare with the nonlinear parameters. The results show that the proposed AMVA technique is more sensitive and feasible to serve as the tool for thermal damage detection in cement-based material compared with the conventional RF and UPV techniques.

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Detecting cracks due to steel corrosion in reinforced cement mortar using intermodulation generation of ultrasonic waves

Cited by 22 publications

References 51 publications

Resonant Frequency Ultrasonic P-Waves for Evaluating Uniaxial Compressive Strength of the Stabilized Slag–Cement Sediments

Resonant Frequency Ultrasonic P-Waves for Evaluating Uniaxial Compressive Strength of the Stabilized Slag–Cement Sediments

An Experimental Approach for Characterisation of Concrete Damage Using the Wheatstone Bridge Circuit

Amplitude-Modulation Vibro-Acoustic Technique for Damage Evaluation

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