Growth, Zinc and Copper Nutritional Status of Male Premature Infants with Different Zinc Intake

Haschke, Ferdinand; Singer, P.; Baumgärtner, D; Steffan, Ilse; Schilling, Ray; Lothaller, H

doi:10.1159/000176966

Cited by 18 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…The plasma zinc concentrations here are comparable to those previously described (6,(24)(25)(26). It was interesting that we noted a higher plasma zinc concentration in breast-fed infants at 4 wk of age compared with those fed formulas.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Reduced Erythrocyte Superoxide Dismutase Activity in Low Birth Weight Infants Given Iron Supplements

et al. 1991

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ABSTRAU. Erythrocyte superoxide dismutase (ESOD) activity reflects copper utilization and the risk of copper deficiency. To investigate the possible effects of inorganic iron on the metabolism of copper in low birth weight infants, we have measured ESOD activities in three groups of infants receiving different iron supplements. Fifty-five low birth weight infants were randomly assigned to receive daily from 28 d either 13.8 mg (HiFe), 7 mg (MidFe), or no elemental iron (NatFe) as iron edetate. At 27 d, 8, 12, and 20 wk postnatal age, infants were weighed and measured and hematologic indices, plasma ferritin, zinc, and copper concentrations, and ESOD activities were assayed. Anthropometrical and hematologic indices and plasma copper and zinc concentrations did not differ among treatment groups at any time, but at 20 wk, plasma ferritin concentrations [(pg/L) mean; SD] were lower in the NatFe group (17; 2.0) than in the HiFe group (32; 1.9: 95% confidence interval for mean difference 6.6 to 22.0, p < 0.01). ESOD activities (U/g Hb) were similar in HiFe (1447; 263), MidFe (1552; 322), and NatFe (1538; 382) groups at 27 d, but by 20 wk activities in the HiFe group (1537; 211) were lower than in the MidFe (1789; 403: 95% confidence interval 38 to 466, p < 0.05) and NatFe (1858; 304: 95% confidence interval 150 to 492,p < 0.01) groups. The lower ESOD activities found in the HiFe group at 20 wk may reflect altered copper metabolism induced by the iron supplement, but the clinical importance of this observation is unknown. (Pediatr Res 29: 297-301,1991) Abbreviations ESOD, erythrocyte superoxide dismutase CI, confidence interval HiFe, high iron intake LBW, low birth weight MidFe, middle iron intake NatFe, natural iron intake SOD, superoxide dismutase RBC, red blood cell Because iron and copper have similar physicochemical properties, interactions can occur between them that can affect adversely the metabolism of copper (1). The practical relevance of this has been shown in mixed fed healthy infants in whom an iron-fortified (10.2 mg/L) formula achieved a lower intestinal absorption and whole body retention of copper than did the

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Reduced Erythrocyte Superoxide Dismutase Activity in Low Birth Weight Infants Given Iron Supplements

et al. 1991

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“…[28][29][30][31] Krebs et al 27 randomized 5-month-old infants to complementary feeding groups to receive either pureed beef or iron-fortified cereal. Children in the meat intervention group, with high zinc and protein intake, showed greater increases in head circumference between ages 7 and 12 months.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…28 Three additional studies on the effect of zinc supplementation or the introduction of zinc and iron rich foods in preterm or very low birthweight infants have shown null results. [29][30][31] The literature on randomized studies of zinc supplementation during pregnancy and head circumference at birth is also mixed with two studies reporting an association, 32,33 one showing an association only in children of mothers with body mass index of o26, 34 and four studies suggesting no association. [35][36][37][38] There has been one prospective study based on a food frequency questionnaire suggesting an inverse association between zinc intake of mothers in the second trimester of pregnancy with head circumference at birth.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Beneficial effects of zinc supplementation on head circumference of Nepalese infants and toddlers: a randomized controlled trial

et al. 2012

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BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE: To assess the effects of micronutrient supplementation on head circumference of rural Nepali infants and children. SUBJECTS/METHODS: We used a randomized controlled trial to assess the effects of micronutrient supplementation on head circumference in 569 rural Nepali infants and children aged 4-17 months. Children were randomized to: (1) zinc, (2) iron-folic acid, (3) zinc plus iron-folic acid or (4) a placebo group. Data on head circumference were collected during five visits at B3 month intervals over the course of a year. We calculated change in head circumference in treatment groups receiving zinc and iron comparing the first and fifth visits as well as used generalized estimating equations (GEE) to take advantage of data from all points in time. Models were adjusted for covariates unbalanced in the randomization and for baseline head circumference. RESULTS: Estimating differences in head circumference between baseline and visit 5, children in the zinc treatment group showed smaller decreases in head circumference z-score compared with placebo (adjusted b ¼ 0.13, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.03 to 0.23). Using GEE, zinc treatment was associated with 0.11 (95% CI: 0.05 to 0.17) decrease in the rate of decline in head circumference z-score across visits as compared with placebo. Iron-folic acid supplementation was not associated with head circumference z-scores when comparing visits 1 with 5 or including data across all visits in adjusted models. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that zinc supplementation confers a beneficial effect on the rate of head growth in Nepali infants.

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“…There are relatively few randomized controlled trials comparing different levels of zinc intake in preterm intakes [29,[31][32][33], only two of which have intakes similar to our estimated requirements [32,33]. DiazGomez [32] compared formulas containing either 0.75 mg/100 kcal of zinc or 1.5 mg/100 kcal of zinc in 36 preterm infants.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Zinc and copper requirements in preterm infants: An examination of the current literature

Griffin

Domellöf

Bhatia

et al. 2013

Early Human Development

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a b s t r a c t a r t i c l e i n f oBackground: Zinc and copper are essential for preterm infants, but recommended requirements from different groups vary widely. Recommended zinc intakes have steadily increased over the years. Although this would be expected to impair copper absorption, recommended copper intakes have not risen in parallel. Objectives: To systematically review the literature on zinc and copper retention in preterm infants; to examine the effect on zinc intake on copper retention; and to estimate the zinc and copper intakes required to meet the levels of zinc and copper retention required for normal growth. Design: Studies reporting zinc and/or copper retention in preterm infants (b36 weeks of gestation) during the first 120 days of life were identified using PubMed. Only studies reporting net retention were included. Results: Fourteen studies on zinc retention reporting data on 45 different groups were identified. Eleven studies (32 groups) were identified reporting copper retention. Zinc retention was significantly higher at higher zinc intakes, and higher in formula-based diets than in human milk based diets. Zinc intakes of between 1.8-2.4 mg/kg/d (from formula based diets) and 2.3-2.4 mg/kg/d (from human-milk based diets) were required to achieve adequate zinc retention. Copper retention was significantly positively correlated with copper intake and significantly negatively correlated with zinc intake. At the zinc intakes suggested previously (1.8-2.4, 2.3-2.4 mg/kg/d), copper intakes of between 200 and 250 mcg/kg/d are required to ensure adequate copper retention. Conclusions: Our results support the higher zinc intakes recommended in recent guidelines. However, they suggest that recommended copper intakes have not kept pace with increasing zinc intakes, and that preterm infants may need higher copper intakes than currently recommended.

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Growth, Zinc and Copper Nutritional Status of Male Premature Infants with Different Zinc Intake

Cited by 18 publications

References 23 publications

Reduced Erythrocyte Superoxide Dismutase Activity in Low Birth Weight Infants Given Iron Supplements

Reduced Erythrocyte Superoxide Dismutase Activity in Low Birth Weight Infants Given Iron Supplements

Beneficial effects of zinc supplementation on head circumference of Nepalese infants and toddlers: a randomized controlled trial

Zinc and copper requirements in preterm infants: An examination of the current literature

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