Growth morphology of the filtering apparatus of silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)

Hampl, Arnoǒt; Jirásek, J.; Sirotek, David

doi:10.1016/0044-8486(83)90309-5

Cited by 30 publications

(16 citation statements)

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“…Accordingly, we have to emphasize that we used relatively large fish in our study (see Table I). The food selectivity and feeding habits of smaller bigheaded carps may be different than those of the older and bigger individuals, as the morphology and mesh-size of gill rakers undergo some changes as the fish grows (Jirásek et al, 1981;Hampl et al, 1983). A good example for this is that all bigheaded carps start feeding on zooplankton after hatching and then switch to a mixed (phytoplankton and zooplankton) or phytoplankton-based diet as the ontogeny proceeds (Kolar et al, 2007).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The linkage between the proportion of different planktonic size classes in the water and in the diet of fish was detectable in case of both phytoplankton and zooplankton, being more typical for the latter. Previous studies reported that silver carps can filter and consume smaller particles than bighead carp (Cremer and Smitherman, 1980;Spataru et al, 1983;Shapiro, 1985;Kolar et al, 2007), while others pointed out that silver carp are able to collect algae larger than 10 µm (Hampl et al, 1983;Smith, 1989;Vörös et al, 1997). However, similarly to Cremer and Smitherman (1980) or Xie (1999), we have also found that a smaller but still considerable fraction of the algae in the food of bigheaded carps was smaller than 10 µm, suggesting that these fish are able to filter and consume even nanoplankton.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Silver carp can filter and consume smaller particles than bighead carp, owing to the different morphology of their epibranchial organs. Most studies cite silver carp as primarily phytoplankton feeder, able to collect algae larger than 10 µm (Sieburth et al, 1978;Hampl et al, 1983;Smith, 1989;Vörös et al, 1997), while others suggest that silver carp is able to collect even nanoplankton (<10 µm) (Cremer and Smitherman, 1980;Xie, 1999;Görgényi et al, 2015). However, Spataru and Gophen (1985) revealed that the proportion of zooplankton in the diet of silver carps can be up to 50% in some cases, and several other studies have demonstrated that the presence of silver carp results in a zooplankton community dominated by smaller individuals (e.g., Fukushima et al, 1999;Lu et al, 2002).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Relationship between gill raker morphology and feeding habits of hybrid bigheaded carps (Hypophthalmichthysspp.)

Battonyai

Specziár

Vitál

et al. 2015

Knowl. Manag. Aquat. Ecosyst.

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Key-words:bigheaded carp, gill raker morphology, filter-feeding, food size, plankton Bigheaded carps and especially silver carp have been considered as an effective biological control for algal blooms, thus were introduced to several countries in the last decades, including Hungary. Our aim was to explore the feeding habits of bigheaded carps in Lake Balaton (Hungary), where the stock consists mainly of hybrids (silver carp × bighead carp). We examined the relationship between filtering apparatus (gill raker) morphology and size-distribution of planktonic organisms in the food. We failed to find any significant relationship between gill raker parameters and plankton composition in the filtered material. Bigheaded carps with various types of gill rakers consumed food within the same size-spectrum, independently of the rate of hybridization. However, the linkage between the proportion of different planktonic size classes in the water and in the diet of fish was detectable in case of both phytoplankton and zooplankton consumption, suggesting that the seasonally variable availability of different food items was an important factor in determining the food composition of bigheaded carps. We can deduce that bigheaded carps consume high amounts of zooplankton to meet their energy requirements, and the diet overlap among bigheaded carps and other planktivores may exert negative effects on native fish populations. RÉSUMÉRelation entre la morphologie des branchiospines et les habitudes alimentaires d'hybrides de carpes à grosse tête (Hypophthalmichthys spp) Mots-clés :carpe à grosse tête, La carpe à grosse tête et en particulier la carpe argentée ont été considérées comme un moyen de contrôle biologique efficace contre la prolifération des algues, ainsi elles ont été introduites dans plusieurs pays dans les dernières dé-cennies, dont la Hongrie. Notre objectif était d'étudier les habitudes alimentaires des carpes à grosse tête dans le lac Balaton (Hongrie), où le stock se compose principalement d'hybrides (carpe argentée × carpe à grosse tête). Nous avons

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Relationship between gill raker morphology and feeding habits of hybrid bigheaded carps (Hypophthalmichthysspp.)

Battonyai

Specziár

Vitál

et al. 2015

Knowl. Manag. Aquat. Ecosyst.

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“…In fact, filtering mechanisms have been investigated only in a small number of phytoplanktivorous species (Hoogenboezem et al 1991;Sanderson et al 1991Sanderson et al , 1996Sanderson et al , 2001Goodrich et al 2000). The filter of the silver carp [Hypophthalmichthys molitrix (Valenciennes, 1844)], apparently evolved from the zooplanktivorous type of a mechanical filter, consists of gill arches being equipped with a densely packed double row of exceptionally long and fine gill rakers, leaving slits only 12-26 mm wide (Hampl et al 1983;Iwata 1986). Their outer surface is coated with a mucus-producing tissue in which numerous pores allow water to pass through the sieve (Jirasek et al 1981/82;Iwata 1986).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Regulation of diurnal filter feeding by a novel gill structure in Amblypharyngodon melettinus (Teleostei, Cyprinidae)

2003

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A unique gill structure, apparently associated with filter feeding on phytoplankton and suspended microdetritus, has been found in Amblypharyngodon melettinus, an abundant small Cyprinidae of Sri Lanka. The gill lamellae, the site of gas exchange, are bordered by a double row of fine appendices which are spread over the interlamellar gaps during daytime, but folded up at night. A respiratory function of the appendices can be excluded. The changing position of appendices correlates with the diurnal pattern of feeding (day) and swimming (night). The mechanism for movement of the appendices consists of hinge-like joints formed from the basement membranes of pavement cells, driven by variation in lamellar blood pressure. Food collection is based on both an efficient hydrosol filter produced by dense populations of clavate mucous cells of the buccopharyngeal epithelia and the lamellar appendices which cause a slower and more turbulent water current in the buccopharyngeal cavity. This may ensure the proper contact of food particles with the sticky mucous surface before they leave the buccopharyngeal cavity. The uniqueness of this structure is that the filter can be switched off during periodically occurring periods of high oxygen demand (high swimming activity at night) probably benefiting the process of respiration.

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“…The diameter of Cydotella is usually smaller than 20 /ma (the majority 6-15 /an), while the length of Cryptomonas is usually smaller than 30 fan (the majority 10-20 grn). However, the distances between gill rakers of silver carp are larger than 15 /an and those of bighead larger than 30 grn (Liu, 1981;Hampl et al, 1983;Spataru et al, 1983). If the carps can only use the food particles larger than the distances between their gill rakers, Cydotella almost cannot be used by both carps,, and Cryptomonas would only be partly used by silver carp.…”

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confidence: 99%

Phytoplankton, especially diatoms, in the gut contents and feces of two plantivorous cyprinids—Silver carp and bighead carp

Xie

Liu

1994

Chin. J. Ocean. Limnol.

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In order to clarify whether the planktix~)rous silver carp and bighead carp can collect phytoplunkton as small as Cyclotella(<20 lun) in Donghu Lake, studies on phytoplankton in their gut contents and feoes v~ere made in 1990. The fish v~ cultured in both net cage in Donghu Lake and aquaria with the lake water. Past the intestine, the average valve diameter of Cyclotella changed little.The average ratio of empty frustule of Cyclotella to total Cyclotella in the fotegut contents of the fishes v~re 1.8-1.9 times higher than that in the lake water, but changed little from fotegut to feces. The aquarium experiment sbo~d that both carps could collect particles as small as 8-10 /an, which was obviously harmer than the distahoe betv~en their gill rakers. Probably, secretion of mucus plays an important role in collecting such small particles Key world: planktivorous fishes, gut contents and feces, diatoms, valve diameter, empty frustule INTRODUCTION Donghu Lake, 30 ~ 114 ~ is located in Wuhan City close to the middle reaches of the Changjiang River. The total surface area is about 32 km 2 and the maximum depth 4.5 m. According to the production data of the Donghu Lake Fish Farm, the annual fish yield between [1985][1986][1987][1988][1989][1990] varied between 690 and 850 kg/ha, of which over 90% was from two stocked planktivorous species, silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) and bighead carp (Aristichthys nobilis). The lake is stocked mainly with fingerlings of the two species every year. No feed is given to the fish once the fingerlings have been released into the like.Since 1985, the dominant phytoplankton were Cyclotella (a centric diatom) and Cryptomonas (a dinoflagellate). The diameter of Cydotella is usually smaller than 20 /ma (the majority 6-15 /an), while the length of Cryptomonas is usually smaller than 30 fan (the majority 10-20 grn). However, the distances between gill rakers of silver carp are larger than 15 /an and those of bighead larger than 30 grn (Liu, 1981;Hampl et al., 1983;Spataru et al., 1983). If the carps can only use the food particles larger than the distances between their gill rakers, Cydotella almost cannot be used by both carps,, and Cryptomonas would only be partly used by silver carp.This work was akned to study phytoplankton, especially diatorm, in the gut No.4 PHYTOPLANKTON IN GUT AND FECES OF TWO CARPS 309contents and feces of bighead and silver carp to clarify whether or not the carps can collect phytoplankton as small as Cydotella.MATERIALS AND METHODS Collection of gut contmts and feces from fishes oaltured in a net cage in Donghu LakeA net cage experiment was conducted during March-May in 1990. The net cage with a surface area of 2.5 m x 4 m was set up near Station 1 in Donghu Lake. The bottom of the net cage reached down to the sediment of the lake. 150 fingerlings of silver carp and of bighead carp were introduced to the net cage on March 2, 1990.Generally, 5-7 of each carp were taken each time from the net cage and dissected to collect their contents. Contents collected fro...

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Growth morphology of the filtering apparatus of silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)

Cited by 30 publications

References 1 publication

Relationship between gill raker morphology and feeding habits of hybrid bigheaded carps (Hypophthalmichthysspp.)

Relationship between gill raker morphology and feeding habits of hybrid bigheaded carps (Hypophthalmichthysspp.)

Regulation of diurnal filter feeding by a novel gill structure in Amblypharyngodon melettinus (Teleostei, Cyprinidae)

Phytoplankton, especially diatoms, in the gut contents and feces of two plantivorous cyprinids—Silver carp and bighead carp

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