Growth and Lipidomic Responses of Juvenile Pacific White Shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei to Low Salinity

Abstract

The Pacific white shrimp ( Litopenaeus vannamei ), a euryhaline penaeid species, can tolerate a wide range of salinities, but little is known on its strategies to cope with low salinity fluctuations from the aspect of lipidomics. Thus, in this study, L. vannamei were grown in two different salinities [3 and 30‰ (control)] for 8 weeks, and then an liquid chromatography (LC)–mass spectrometry (MS)-based lipidomics analysis was performed to reveal the lipid profile differences in gill and muscle. L. vannamei under low salinity had lower weight gain and condition factor than the control shrimp at 30‰, but no differences were found in survival and hepatopancreas index. A higher number of differential lipid metabolites were identified in gill than in muscle in L. vannamei at salinity 3‰ relative to the control shrimp at salinity of 30‰ (159 versus 37), which belonged to 11 and 6 lipids classes, respectively. Of these lipids, phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylinositol (PI), phosphatidic acid (PA), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), and triglyceride (TG) were the main lipids in both shrimp gill and muscle, regardless of salinities. Compared with the control shrimp at salinity 30‰, the percentage of PC significantly reduced, but TG and PA significantly increased in gill of shrimp at salinity 3‰. Moreover, the relative fatty acid abundances showed significant changes in L. vannamei between the two salinity groups, but the patterns of the changes were complex and were fatty acid dependent. Neither lipid nor fatty acid composition in muscle was affected by salinity. Further pathway analysis showed that these metabolites were closely related to lipid and fatty acid metabolic pathways. All the findings in this study reveal that the lipid variations are closely related to bio-membrane structure, mitochondrial function, energy supply, or organic osmolyte contents in hemolymph for improving osmoregulatory capacity of L. vannamei under low salinity.

Effect of recombinant crustacean hyperglycemic hormones rCHH‐B1 and rCHH‐B2 on lipid metabolism in the Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei

“…Gills are the organs primarily responsible for the osmoregulation of haemolymph, specializing in exchange with the exterior medium, principally under low salinity (Tseng & Hwang, 2008). Even though no differences in the main lipids have been observed in gills of juvenile L. vannamei shrimp exposed to either 3 or 30 ppt salinity (Huang et al., 2019), an increase in the level of enzymes related to lipid metabolism, such the fatty acid synthase, the hormone‐sensitive lipase, the lipoprotein lipase and adipose triacylglycerol lipase, has been reported (Chen et al., 2014). Although the response pattern and levels obtained in this study for triglycerides, FFA and phospholipids were very similar between rCHH‐B1 and rCHH‐B2; interestingly, triglyceride levels remained higher for a significantly longer period with rCHH‐B1 in comparison with rCHH‐B2.…”

Growth and Lipidomic Analyses of Penaeus monodon Larvae Supplemented With Aurantiochytrium limacinum BCC52274

“…The content of total phospholipids in PL2 shrimp of the 100% replacement group was significantly higher than those of all the other groups (Figure 2A). The most and second most abundant phospholipids in the PL shrimp were PC and PE (Figures 2B,C), respectively, both of which are the major components of cell membranes in juvenile shrimp and also other species (Ronnestad et al, 1995;Coutteau et al, 1997;Caers et al, 2000a;Ju et al, 2011;Rey et al, 2015;Huang et al, 2019). PS and PI phospholipids were also detected in the PL shrimp (Figures 2D,E); however, they were present in much lower amounts than PC and PE.…”

“…In addition to energy provision, lipids play essential roles in cellular structure (Alberts et al, 2002). Phospholipids and sterols are key components of cell membrane structure, which is essential for the osmoregulation mechanism of marine animals (Chapelle et al, 1982;Sargent et al, 1993;Huang et al, 2019); moreover, phospholipids and sterols are also precursors of cellular signaling molecules and hormones that regulate growth, molting, the immune system and reproduction (Tocher et al, 2008).…”

“…With the complexity of lipid molecules, analytical tools in combination with lipid structure database are required to elucidate lipid molecules from unknown samples in both qualitative and quantitative analyses (Cajka and Fiehn, 2014). Lipidomic analysis using liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) has been employed to understand the physiological processes of marine species including blue mussels and Pacific white shrimp (Huang et al, 2019;Laudicella et al, 2020). The technique has also been applied to study the diet effect on aquatic animals-for example, different lipid sources and fish meal replacement in swimming crab and Pacific white shrimp, respectively (Xie et al, 2020;Yuan et al, 2021).…”

Effects of ATP9A on Extracellular Vesicle Release and Exosomal Lipid Composition

“…Multivariate analyses were performed to categorize the lipid samples; this included orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) and principal component analysis (PCA). A permutation test with the permutation number of 200 was used to validate the OPLS-DA models [ 22 ].…”