Ground-Based Radar Interferometry: A Bibliographic Review

Abstract

Ground-based/terrestrial radar interferometry (GBRI) is a scientific topic of increasing interest in recent years. This article is a bibliographic review, as much complete as possible, of the scientific papers/articles published in the last 20 years, since the pioneering works in the nineties. Some statistics are reported here about the number of publications in the years, popularity of applications, operative modalities, operative bands. The aim of this review is also to identify directions and perspectives. In the opinion of authors, this type of radar systems will move forward faster modulations, wider view angle, MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) systems and radar with capability to detect the vector of displacement and not only a single component.

Terrain Point Cloud Assisted GB-InSAR Slope and Pavement Deformation Differentiate Method in an Open-Pit Mine

“…The size of I is (M, N) and is coded in polar coordinates (r, θ) or pseudo-polar coordinates (r, sin(θ)). Let I pcl represent the 2D matrix formed by the relative range and relative azimuth angle derived by Equations (1) and (2). There is no existing deformation value corresponding to the internal coordinates of I pcl in I.…”

“…Interferometry is a technique for extracting deformation information by comparing the observed phases before and after the deformation of an object. SAR interferometry technology can be used for all-weather situations and the high-precision monitoring of ground surface deformations across large areas [2]. Ground-based synthetic aperture radar interferometry (GB-InSAR) has been tested in various fields in recent years including the monitoring of landslides, open-pit mines, ground subsidence, architectural structures, bridges, sinkholes, and glacier displacements [3][4][5][6][7][8].…”

Differential Ground-Based Radar Interferometry for Slope and Civil Structures Monitoring: Two Case Studies of Landslide and Bridge

“…where ∆ϕ is the sum phase of three parts: Displacement, with which are are concerned; atmosphere, which, for a small area, can be eliminated from surrounding stable points; and the Remote Sens. 2019, 11, 2887 4 of 17 thermal/environmental noise practically, which is removed by selected points with high signal to noise ratio (SNR) [11,15,35]. Except for the lack of SAR capability, GB-RAR, like IBIS-S, shares the same range imaging and interferometry techniques with the above-mentioned GB-SAR.…”

“…The 2-m rail was precisely mounted on a custom steel shelf with five threaded studs positioning holes of 16 mm in diameter on its upper surface. During the whole observation period, the steel frame was fixed on a stable ground, which ensured a millimetric repositioning of the rail and thus avoided a later co-registration of the datasets acquired in different field campaigns [11]. According to the characteristics of short sampling period of GB-SAR and small monitoring scene in this study, four stable and high SNR points located in the northeast and southwest of the central landslide area, respectively, were selected under the assumption of atmospheric homogeneity in the observation scene to remove the atmospheric impact [43,44].…”

“…Where the long-term and large-scale with slow deformation areas are characterized, the use of spaceborne sensors has been shown to be successful and effective. Meanwhile, in some complimentary, cases, e.g., individual structures, local landslides, steep slopes, and scenes with fast deformation rates involving temporal decorrelation, an alternative strategy arises from the use of ground-based radar interferometry [11].…”