Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Piper nigrum: tissue-specific bioaccumulation, histopathology, and oxidative stress responses in Indian major carp Labeo rohita

Abstract

The aim of the present investigation is to assess the sublethal toxicity of biologically synthesized silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) in Indian major carp Labeo rohita. Ag NPs used in the study were synthesized by using AgNO with aqueous leaf extract of Piper nigrum. Median lethal concentration (LC) of synthesized Ag NPs was determined for 96 h (25 μg/L); 2.5 μg/L (1/10th LC) and 5 μg/L (1/5th LC) were taken as sublethal concentrations to evaluate the toxicity for 35 days. The results of the TEM, SEM, and EDX analyses revealed that Ag NPs were considerably accumulated in the gill, liver, and kidney of fish at both concentrations (2.5 and 5 μg/L). Consequently, the activity of the antioxidant enzymes, SOD and CAT, was significantly (P < 0.05) decreased in the gill, liver, and kidney when compared to the control group during the study period. However, lipid peroxidase (LPO) activity in the gill, liver, and kidney was significantly (P < 0.05) increased, and the result concluded a possible sign of free radical-induced oxidative stress in Ag NP-exposed fish than the sham-exposed individuals. The histopathological study also confirmed the alterations such as degeneration of lamella, lifting of lamellar epithelium, hepatic necrosis, pyknotic nuclei, increased intracellular space, and shrinkage of glomerulus elicited by Ag NPs in the gill, liver, and kidney of Labeo rohita with two different concentrations. The findings of the present study revealed that green synthesis of Ag NPs from Piper nigrum at sublethal concentrations leads to accumulation of Ag, oxidative stress, and histopathological alterations in the target organs of the fish, Labeo rohita.

Study on the impacts of chemical and green synthesized (Leucas aspera and oxy-cyclodextrin complex) dietary zinc oxide nanoparticles in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

“…Cellular changes in the organs due to nanoparticles can be evaluated by histopathology (Shobana et al 2018 ). Histological changes were observed in the gills and liver of fish fed chemically synthesized ZnO NP–enriched feed, whereas these organs in the fish fed green synthesized ZnO NP incorporated feed did not show any pathological alterations just like the control sections.…”

Innate Immunity Provides Biomarkers of Health for Teleosts Exposed to Nanoparticles

“…The authors claimed that the antioxidant system was overpowered by increased ROS production (66). Despite that multiple studies have used only antioxidant defenses to assess fish health following NPs exposure (30, 34, 41, 59, 76, 77, 79–83), we point out that antioxidant defenses should be measured as a complement of ROS and not by themselves.…”

“…However, that may not apply to NPs. In gills, evaluation of NPs effects have been performed mainly by histopathology (19–23, 25, 28, 30–33, 39, 40), NP bioaccumulation (21, 23, 24, 27, 32, 34, 37, 39) and measurement of oxidative stress biomarkers (19, 22, 24, 25, 29, 30, 34, 35, 37, 39, 41) (refer to Oxidative stress section and Table 1). Regarding histopathology, some inaccurate histopathology-based results have been published due to the high degree of expertise necessary (122).…”

Chronic exposure to dichloroacetamide induces biochemical and histopathological changes in the gills of zebrafish

“…However, DCAcAm exposure showed negative effect on the gill tissue (Figure B‐D), resulting in a series of pathological changes of gill structure appearance, for example, lamellar aneurism (Figure B), lamellar adhesions (Figure C), and epithelial lifting (Figure D). These changes in gill may enlarge the gap of contact of DCAcAm with the vascular system of gill, further destroying respiration and fish health . This indicated that chronic exposure to DCAcAm could damage on the gill tissues.…”