Chronic exposure to dichloroacetamide induces biochemical and histopathological changes in the gills of zebrafish

Abstract

To evaluate the impact of DCAcAm on zebrafish gill, we measure the responses of antioxidant enzyme (superoxide dismutase, SOD), lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde, MDA), ATPase (Na+/K+‐ATPase and Ca2+/Mg2+‐ATP) and histopathological changes of gill in adult zebrafish, after exposed to different concentrations of DCAcAm (0, 1, 10, 100, and 1000 μg L−1) for 30 days. Results indicated that DCAcAm first increased and then decreased SOD activity, and DCAcAm also lowered the activities of Na+/K+‐ATPase and Ca2+/Mg2+‐ATPase. These results indicated that high affinity of DCAcAm probably be a main factor, which can damage the structures of enzymes, thereby inhibiting the SOD and ATPase activities. Besides, histopathological investigation results also manifested that chronic exposure to DCAcAm can damage the gill tissues, disrupting the normal function of gills. We conclude that chronic exposure to DCAcAm was harmful to organisms, not only influence gill function, but also further cause damage on the gill tissues.

Molecular Mechanism of Arsenic-Induced Neurotoxicity including Neuronal Dysfunctions

“…Chronic arsenic exposure via drinking water is one of the major factors for the greater risk of noncancerous ailments such as pigmentation, hyperkeratosis, cardiovascular disorders, hypertension, neurological, liver and kidney disorders, and diabetes [ 9 ]. Increased arsenic in the environment also impacts the health of aquatic species [ 10 ]. Arsenic present in sediments is biologically available through diet to benthic fish [ 10 ].…”

“…Increased arsenic in the environment also impacts the health of aquatic species [ 10 ]. Arsenic present in sediments is biologically available through diet to benthic fish [ 10 ]. Dissolved arsenic levels in aquatic ecosystems in many developing countries have been reported to be higher than the permissible limit (10 µg/L) set by World Health Organization (WHO).…”

“…Dissolved arsenic levels in aquatic ecosystems in many developing countries have been reported to be higher than the permissible limit (10 µg/L) set by World Health Organization (WHO). This might be responsible for the disturbed physiological functions such as ion regulation, gene expression, enzyme and immune functions, growth and repair of tissue matrix, reproduction, and development [ 10 ]. Several studies in rodents, fish and invertebrates suggest that increased arsenic accumulation may alter the normal physiological function of organisms by directly or indirectly promoting the initiation of disease [ 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 ].…”

“…This might be responsible for the disturbed physiological functions such as ion regulation, gene expression, enzyme and immune functions, growth and repair of tissue matrix, reproduction, and development [ 10 ]. Several studies in rodents, fish and invertebrates suggest that increased arsenic accumulation may alter the normal physiological function of organisms by directly or indirectly promoting the initiation of disease [ 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 ]. Arsenic is a strong reducing agent and interacts with other molecules such as sulphur, chloride and oxygen.…”

Responses of Cirrhinus mrigala to second‐generation fluoroquinolone (ciprofloxacin) toxicity: Assessment of antioxidants, tissue morphology, and inorganic ions

“…Epithelial morphological changes result in an increase of distance between the inner surface of the gill tissue and thus affecting the exchange of gases and inorganic ions. Additionally, lamellar fusion could minimize the respiratory area by thickening the blood‐water barrier (to reduce the superficial brachial area in contact with contaminated water), resultinng in a decline in the gills tissues' oxygen uptake capacity 66,67 . Cytoplasmic vacuolization reflects the disruption in the glycogen stores and metabolic activity in the tissue.…”