Green Synthesis and Characterization of Bioceramic Hydroxyapatite (HAp) Nanosheets and Its Cellular Study

Carbonate Hydroxyapatite - A Multifunctional Bioceramics with Non-Medical Applications

“…Due to their exceptional properties and versatility, bioceramics are a significant class of biomaterials [12]. Ceramic materials designed for biomedical use exhibit outstanding biocompatibility, chemical stability, and mechanical strength.…”

A plant-mediated synthesis of nanostructured hydroxyapatite for biomedical applications: a review

“…In some instances, the plant-derived materials served as alternatives to the traditional reagents to make the preparation (nanomaterials) procedure become a greener route. [38][39][40] These routes are referred to as Plant-Mediated Synthesis (PMS). The important reason to synthesize pure HAp without using toxic capping agents has to do with the biomedical applications of HAp for drug delivery, 41,42 antimicrobial purposes, 43 antiviral applications, 44 gene vector applications, 45 and in vitro cell viability studies, 46,47 all of which require nanomaterials of very high purity and very low toxicity (good bio compatibility).…”

“…56,113,114 However, in some reports, there was no record of the use of ammonia solution, revealing only the precursors used and the plant extract function (role) for the chelating effect under the already provided suitable pH conditions. 24,40,115 The formed precipitates are treated hydrothermally at temperatures around (100 C), and then washed with water or ethanol to obtain the pure HAp nanoparticles. A probable mechanism that describes the role of biomolecules in hydroxyapatite synthesis is the work of Zhou et al described in Fig.…”

“…The excess OH À released in the solution helps to attain a suitable basic reaction medium for nano-HAp formation. 40 The works of Gopi et al showed that the plant extracts could function as a directing agent during HAp synthesis. They used dried powders from banana (Musa acuminta), grape (Vitis) and tamarind (Tamarindus indica), which are sources of tartaric acid as a green templating agent to synthesize HAp.…”

Polymer-assisted synthesis and applications of hydroxyapatite (HAp) anchored nitrogen-doped 3D graphene foam-based nanostructured ceramic framework

“…Hydroxyapatite (Hap, Ca 10 (PO 4 ) 6 (OH) 2 ) is an inorganic ceramic material of the calcium phosphate family, which nds uses in different elds such as biomedical engineering, removal of heavy metals, photocatalysis, electrochemical sensors, energy devices, and adsorption studies. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9] The constituents of HAp are calcium (Ca 2+ ), phosphate (PO 4 2À ), and hydroxide (OH À ) ions.…”