Green and Red Brazilian Propolis: Antimicrobial Potential and Anti‐Virulence against ATCC and Clinically Isolated Multidrug‐Resistant Bacteria

Abstract

Brazilian green and red propolis stand out as commercial products for different medical applications. In this article, we report the antimicrobial activities of the hydroalcoholic extracts of green (EGP) and red (ERP) propolis, as well as guttiferone E plus xanthochymol (8) and oblongifolin B (9) from red propolis, against multidrug‐resistant bacteria (MDRB). We undertook the minimal inhibitory (MIC) and bactericidal (MBC) concentrations, inhibition of biofilm formation (MICB50), catalase, coagulase, DNase, lipase, and hemolysin assays, along with molecular docking simulations. ERP was more effective by displaying MIC and MBC values <100 μg mL−1. Compounds 8 and 9 displayed the lowest MIC values (0.98 to 31.25 μg mL−1) against all tested Gram‐positive MDRB. They also inhibited the biofilm formation of S. aureus (ATCC 43300 and clinical isolate) and S. epidermidis (ATCC 14990 and clinical isolate), with MICB50 values between 1.56 and 6.25 μg mL−1. The molecular docking results indicated that 8 and 9 might interact with the catalase's amino acids. Compounds 8 and 9 have great antimicrobial potential.

Potential in vitro anti-periodontopathogenic, anti-Chikungunya activities and in vivo toxicity of Brazilian Red Propolis

“…Other studies have evaluated the BRP monospecies antibiofilm activity against other types of bacteria. de Souza Silva, et al 37 evaluated the antibiofilm activity of the BRP crude hydroalcoholic extract (BRP collected in the same region as the BRP used in our study) coated on polymeric nanoparticles against Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 33591), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 43300), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853). The free BRP crude hydroalcoholic extract and the extract coated on nanoparticles inhibited the biofilm formed by the Gram-positive strains more effectively as compared to the biofilm formed by the Gram-negative strains, with biofilm inhibitory concentration values ranging from 15.6 to 125 μg/mL against the S. aureus strains and from 100 to 1560 μg/mL against the P. aeruginosa strain.…”

Biological Activity of Propolis: An Update

“…guttiferone E, xanthochymol and oblongifolin B from ethanolic extracts of red (ERP) propolis, antimicrobial activity against multidrug-resistant bacteria (MDRB) inhibited the biofilm formation of S. aureus S. epidermidis [130].…”

“…In addition, presence of aromatic acids and esters in propolis interferes with the division of Streptococcus agalactie through the formation of pseudo-multicellular forms, cytoplasm disorganization, protein synthesis inhibition and cell lysis Takaisi-Kikuni and Schilcher [123] [110]. In recent study conducted by de Souza [130],guttiferone E, xanthochymol and oblongifolin B obtained from ethanolic extracts of red (ERP) propolis, possess antimicrobial activity against multidrug-resistant bacteria (MDRB) They also inhibited the biofilm formation of S. aureus (ATCC 43300 and clinical isolate) and S. epidermidis (ATCC 14990 and clinical isolate) [130 ].…”

“…The antibacterial activities (Table 3.) of propolis were observed on aerobic and anaerobic Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus, S. aureus ATCC 25293, ATCC 29213,43300 [86,136,137,138],Bacillus cereus, Vancomycin resistant Enterococcus [137],Enterococcus faecalis, Micrococcus luteus, Nocardia asteroides, Staphylococcus epidermidis, S. epidermidis ATCC 14990 [138].Staphylococcus haemolyticus, Streptococcus faecalis, Streptococcus pneumioniae, Streptococcus pyogenes [139,140],Streptococcus haemolyticus, Streptococcus mutans, Actinomyces naeslundii, Lactobacillus acidophilus, and Peptostreptococcus micros) and Gram-negative (Aeromonas hydrophila, Brucella abortus, , Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853, Escherichia coli, E.coli ATCC 35218 [86,140,141] Neisseria gonorrhoeae [142], Enterobacter cloacae .Salmonella enteritidis [143], Salmonella typhi, Salmonella Typhimurium, Proteus mirabilis, Proteus vulgaris, Shigella dysenteriae, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Fusobacterium nucleatum, and Prevotella oralis), Lactobacillus acidophilus, Prevotella oralis, P. gingivalis, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Peptostreptococcus anaerobius, Actinomyces naeslundii and Veillonella parvula [144]. Porphyromona,Fusobacterium, Propionibacterium, Clostridium, Prevotella, Actinomyces and Bacteroides species [144,145,146].…”

Experimental Evidence for Therapeutic Potentials of Propolis

“…Bulgarian propolis was shown to be active against most anaerobic bacterial strains and other pathogens, including Clostridium, Bacteroides and Propionibacterium species [36]. Furthermore, xanthochymol and oblongifolin found in red propolis were reported to possess antimicrobial activity against multidrug-resistant bacteria [37]. The differential activity towards Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria was attributed to the structural differences in the outer bacterial membrane and the production of hydrolytic enzymes in Gram-negative bacteria that cause degradation of the active component of propolis [38].…”