Green and Eco‐Friendly Removal of Mycotoxins with Organo‐Bentonites; Isothermal, Kinetic, and Thermodynamic Studies

Abstract

In the current study the application of organo‐modified bentonite for the adsorption of mycotoxins (aflatoxin B1, citrinin, patulin, and zearalenone) is presented. The modification of clays is carried out using benzyl‐tri‐n‐butyl ammonium bromide (BTB), benzethonium chloride (BTC), and dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate (DSS). Various experimental parameters such as pH, time, adsorbent dose, and mycotoxins concentration are thoroughly studied. The modified clays (B‐BTB, B‐BTC and B‐DSS) are characterized by X‐ray fluorescence, X‐ray diffraction, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The results depicted the high detoxification efficiency (≈99%) of modified clays for the removal of mycotoxins under optimized conditions (pH 5, time: 30 min, adsorbent amount: 50 mg). The adsorption capacities of modified clays are found in the order of: B‐BTC (AFB1: 18.02, CIT: 18.35, PAT: 18.21, ZEA: 18.09 mg g−1) > B‐BTB (AFB1: 17.7, CIT: 18.11, PAT: 17.95, ZEA: 17.90 mg g−1) > B‐DSS (AFB1: 17.5, CIT: 18.02, PAT: 17.86, ZEA: 17.80 mg g−1). The obtained results fitted well with thermodynamic, isothermal (Langmuir) and pseudo‐second order kinetics. Low cost organo‐modified bentonite shows the promise in mitigating mycotoxin contamination, which could improve food safety and reduce environmental contamination.

Synthesis, Characterization and Application of Organoclay for Adsorptive Desulfurization: Isothermal, kinetic and Thermodynamics Studies

“…The sp 3 C-H stretch for B-BEHA is (2876 cm −1 ), sp 2 C-H stretch for B-BEHA (2964 cm −1 ), CH 3 bending vibration for B-BEHA is (1379 cm −1 ), CH 2 bending vibration for B-BEHA (1481 cm −1 ). These stretching and bending vibrations are con rms the functional groups of the adsorbent surface that has been modi ed and are similar to the FT-IR described previously [21,26,27].…”

“…00-003-0015) except one peak that is observed at 2θ = 9.23° with basal d-spacing 0.96 nm in pristine clay. If there is a shifting of this peak observed towards lower 2θ values, it shows the increase in interlayer spacing due to intercalation of organic molecule [21,26,28]. The modi ed bentonite shows the peak shifting of B-DSS (2θ = 6.44°, 1.37 nm), B-BTC (2θ = 6.97°, 1.26 nm), B-BTB (2θ = 6.79°, 1.30 nm), B-BEHA (2θ = 7.61°, 1.15 nm) (Fig.…”

“…Modi ed bentonite (B-BTB, B-DSS, B-BTC and B-BEHA) were synthesized via modi cation regent by dispersing the 1 g of bentonite (BT) in 50 mL of water through sonication (for the dispersion of clay particles into water) for 30 min at room temperature, reported previously [21]. The pH (4) was maintained by using 0.5 M HCl to make clear suspension of above solution.…”

“…Powder X-ray Diffraction studies was carried out to investigate the peak shifting towards lower 2θ value in modi ed clay that increase the interlayered d-spacing of clay material [21,26,28]. The Figure 2 shows the pXRD pattern of pristine clay (Fig.…”

“…Clay (low-cost and eco-friendly) is a naturally available adsorbent that has been used for the removal of dyes, heavy metals, organic pollutants, mycotoxins, sulfur content etc. form decades [19][20][21]. Its effectiveness is because of its layered structure that bears strong a nity regarding cations and anions and has exchangeable ions that play vital role in adsorption.…”