“…At present, growth factors holds the greatest potential to change the situation of diabetic wound treatment [6,[9][10][11][39][40][41]. In diabetic wounds, a dramatic reduction in the levels of growth factors, such as GM-CSF [8,27], impedes repair and regeneration [6,9,11,[39][40][41][42][43][44][45]. Therefore, we observed the effect of the topical application of GM-CSF on diabetic wound healing.…”