Grafting of lignin onto nanostructured silica SBA-15: preparation and characterization

Organosolv lignin as natural grafting additive to improve the water resistance of films using cellulose nanocrystals

“…Nevertheless, lignin is produced in large quantities at more than 70 million tons per year. In 2002, 95% of the lignin was used in the form of energy [1], and only 1-2% of lignin was used in industrial products [2]. Lignins are strongly reactive due to their aromatic nature and functional groups.…”

“…The material applications are subdivided into different industrial sectors such as phenolic resins [18,19], epoxies [20], adhesives [21,22], polyolefins and miscellaneous [19]. More recent work has reported that lignins have novel potential applications such as a dispersing agent of carbon nanotubes [23], binding agent for the removal of contaminants from contaminated water [1], antibacterial agent, flame retardant, antioxidant [24], hydrophobic agent [25], plasticization agent [26], and synthon-production agent [27]. Lignin is generally incorporated into a polymeric matrix or with nanostructured particles by mixing [28], by grafting [1,29] or after electron-beam irradiation [25] to highlight lignin-based materials with new applications (mechanical, UV-absorbent, surface water resistance, antioxidant, and others).…”

Preparation of lignin-based silica composite submicron particles from alkali lignin and sodium silicate in aqueous solution using a direct precipitation method

“…Recently, some researchers were beginning to try to incorporate lignin with silica by the precipitation method or sol-gel process, but the contents of lignin in the lignin/silica composites were very low (Hayashi et al, 1997;Qu et al, 2010;Zhang et al, 2013). Meanwhile, the composites were severely agglomerated (Zhang et al, 2012;Saad and Hawari, 2013). Jesionowski et al (2014), Klapiszewski et al (2012Klapiszewski et al ( , 2013aKlapiszewski et al ( ,b, 2014 and Nowacka et al (2013) had done a lot of studies on SiO 2 /lignin composites in the past years.…”

Preparation, characterization and the adsorption characteristics of lignin/silica nanocomposites from cellulosic ethanol residue

“…Zhang et al 22 used rice straw black liquor as raw material and CO 2 as acid precipitator to prepare ligninmodied silica nanoparticles by in situ composite method; Thulluri et al 23 summarized the synthesis and development prospect of lignin-based nanocomposites. Saad et al 24 prepared lignin/silica nanocomposites with lignin silylated by triethoxychlorosilane and nanosized silica. 31 P-NMR analysis showed that the hydroxyl groups on the lignin were replaced by the Si-O-LIG ether bond in the composites, and TEM showed that the lignin in the composites were graed onto the nanosized silica surface, and the composites had a large surface area (560 m 2 g À1 ).…”