Graduated compression stockings (20−30 mmHG) do not compress leg veins in the standing position

Abstract

In the standing position, GCS did not compress the deep or superficial veins of the calf.

On the mechanism of action of pneumatic compression devices: Combined magnetic resonance imaging and duplex ultrasound investigation

“…8 It was demonstrated, for example, that compression stockings do not cause deformation of veins, which was thought to be the mechanism of their action. 9 Interface pressure produced by IPC has not been reported, to our knowledge, in peer reviewed journals. Our experiments showed that the assumption that IPC devices extend pressure equal or similar to the pressure inside the garment is not always true.…”

Pressure and coverage effects of sporting compression garments on cardiovascular function, thermoregulatory function, and exercise performance

“…Reported effects of CG on venous pooling/ limb volume are mixed in 'healthy' limbs, particularly when upright (e.g. Bringard et al 2006a;Kraemer et al 2000;Liu et al 2008;Lord and Hamilton 2004). Together, these findings indicate threshold pressures are likely (above which effects are demonstrable), and that these thresholds may reduce as the orthostatic stress is prolonged.…”

“…Limb compression, commonly via graduated compression stockings (knee length or thigh length), has been shown to increase venous flow velocity (e.g. Lawrence and Kakkar 1980;Sigel et al 1975) and reduce vein diameter or crosssectional area (Coleridge Smith et al 1991) and venous pooling (Sparrow et al 1995), although effects for people in upright postures are mixed (Liu et al 2008;Lord and Hamilton 2004). These findings are of limited value in exercise because of differences in participants (health, posture, movement), applied pressures, and variables measured.…”

Role of MRI in investigating the effects of elastic compression stockings on the deformation of the superficial and deep veins in the lower leg

“…Several studies (12, 13) have utilized ultrasound (US) to observe the in vivo deformation of veins; however, there are problems associated with its use. The presence of the compression device between the skin and probe reduces the clarity of the signal.…”