Role of MRI in investigating the effects of elastic compression stockings on the deformation of the superficial and deep veins in the lower leg

Downie, Steven P.; Firmin, David N.; Wood, Nigel B.; Thom, Simon; Hughes, Alun D.; Wolfe, John N.; Xu, Xiao Yun

doi:10.1002/jmri.20980

Cited by 22 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 18 publications

(33 reference statements)

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…While supine a light compression of 20 mmHg reduced the volume of the deep calf veins by 60–80% with this observation noted for the posterior tibial, fibular and soleus veins but not for the anterior tibial vein. Similar reductions of the volume of the deep veins were also reported by Downie and co‐workers (3) while prone but not in a supine posture (4). In the standing position light compression reduced the volume of the deep, but not of the superficial system and the varices (Figure 1).…”

Section: Dogma: ‘Compression Affects the Superficial Veins More Than supporting

confidence: 81%

Dogmas and controversies in compression therapy: report of an International Compression Club (ICC) meeting, Brussels, May 2011

Flour

Clark

Partsch³

et al. 2012

International Wound Journal

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The International Compression Club (ICC) is a partnership between academics, clinicians and industry focused upon understanding the role of compression in the management of different clinical conditions. The ICC meet regularly and from these meetings have produced a series of eight consensus publications upon topics ranging from evidence-based compression to compression trials for arm lymphoedema. All of the current consensus documents can be accessed on the ICC website (http://www.icc-compressionclub.com/index.php). In May 2011, the ICC met in Brussels during the European Wound Management Association (EWMA) annual conference. With almost 50 members in attendance, the day-long ICC meeting challenged a series of dogmas and myths that exist when considering compression therapies. In preparation for a discussion on beliefs surrounding compression, a forum was established on the ICC website where presenters were able to display a summary of their thoughts upon each dogma to be discussed during the meeting. Members of the ICC could then provide comments on each topic thereby widening the discussion to the entire membership of the ICC rather than simply those who were attending the EWMA conference. This article presents an extended report of the issues that were discussed, with each dogma covered in a separate section. The ICC discussed 12 'dogmas' with areas 1 through 7 dedicated to materials and application techniques used to apply compression with the remaining topics (8 through 12) related to the indications for using compression.

show abstract

Section: Dogma: ‘Compression Affects the Superficial Veins More Than supporting

confidence: 81%

Dogmas and controversies in compression therapy: report of an International Compression Club (ICC) meeting, Brussels, May 2011

Flour

Clark

Partsch³

et al. 2012

International Wound Journal

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…We attribute the change in SV and Q to the mechanical compression of lower limb venous vascular beds. This in‐turn reduces lower leg venous cross‐sectional area and counteracts venous pooling by increasing central venous pressure and cardiac filling . Following a bout of exercise, a greater volume of blood translocates into the lower leg during orthostasis compared to before exercise .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Compression socks (CS) have been used to reduce venous pooling in a number of clinical settings including lymphedema and deep vein thrombosis . Compression socks exert external pressure onto the lower leg that reduces venous cross‐sectional area and increases venous pressure .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Knee‐high compression socks minimize head‐up tilt‐induced cerebral and cardiovascular responses following dynamic exercise

Dorey

O’Brien

Robinson

et al. 2018

Scandinavian Med Sci Sports

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

In healthy individuals during a non-exercised state, knee-high compression socks (CS) may reduce the magnitude of lower limb venous pooling during orthostasis but are not effective at minimizing the incidence of pre-syncopal symptoms. However, exaggerated reductions in cerebral blood flow velocity (CBV) and cardiac stroke volume (SV) occur during passive head-up tilt (HUT) testing following dynamic exercise. It is unknown if CS can minimize post-exercise HUT-induced decrements in CBV and SV in this population. To test the hypothesis that CS will attenuate the reductions in SV and CBV during 60° HUT following 60 minutes of moderate-intensity (60% VO peak) cycling exercise. Ten healthy volunteers (22.6 ± 2.1 years, 24.1 ± 2.5 kg/m ) completed pre- and post-exercise 15-minute HUT tests during randomized CS and Control (no CS) conditions. Changes in blood pressure (finger plethysmography), SV (Modelflow® method), and CBV (Transcranial Doppler) were measured during HUT and preceding supine rest periods. Pre-exercise HUT-induced similar (all, P > .47) reductions in SV (Control; -23.1 ± 11.5%, CS; -20.5 ± 10.9%) and CBV (Control; -18.1 ± 6.3%, CS; -15.3 ± 9.0%). However, larger post-exercise decreases in SV and CBV during HUT were observed in the Control versus CS condition. Specifically, CS attenuated the drop in SV (Control: -32.9 ± 5.6%, CS: -24.3 ± 11.6%; P = .01) and CBV (Control: -25.1 ± 5.8%, CS: -17.6 ± 7.8%; P = .02) during the post-exercise HUT test. These results indicate that CS attenuated HUT-induced reductions in SV and CBV following moderate-intensity cycling exercise and suggest that CS may be an effective countermeasure to reduce the incidence of post-exercise syncope in vulnerable populations.

show abstract

“…Sandbags were placed either side of the calf, around the coils, to provide support against any involuntary motion during the session, particularly the longer conventional scan. It was necessary to ensure a consistent venous flow during the comparison of the two sequences, and this was achieved using metronome guided breathing, as used in previous ultrasound measurements (8,20,27). The subjects were asked to perform regular deep breathing in time with the metronome, which in this work consisted of an light-emitting diode (LED) viewed by the subject and illuminated by a square wave generator at 0.14 Hz, guiding expiration, whereas the LED was lit during the first 3.5 s of each cycle, and inspiration while the LED was off.…”

Section: Subjects and Imaging Protocolmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…MR has also been used for anatomical imaging in previous studies of the mechanisms of compression stockings (8,20) and intermittent pneumatic compression (21); however, the corresponding venous flow data were acquired in separate sessions using Doppler ultrasound with upstream flowrates in the deep veins being estimated from meaurements made downstream in superficial vessels as muscle mass of the calf restircted ultrasound access to the deep veins. The use of MR to obtain ''real-time'' velocity measurements directly from multiple vessels of interest simultaneously with vessel geometry would be highly desirable (8) and this has been one of the main drivers for the present work.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

MR phase‐contrast velocity mapping methods for measuring venous blood velocity in the deep veins of the calf

Pierce

Gatehouse

et al. 2011

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Purpose: To evaluate the feasibility of using un-gated, real-time MRI for venous blood velocity mapping in the calf, comparing an interleaved spiral k-space sequence (ISP) against a standard segmented gradient echo sequence (GRE). Materials and Methods:A flow phantom with a variable flow-rate was scanned using both GRE and ISP sequences for an in vitro comparison. Seven subjects were scanned prone, performing metronome guided breathing, using the (externally triggered) segmented GRE and real-time ISP sequences. The segmented GRE acquisition duration was 2.5 mins (22 guided respiratory cycles) and the ISP sequence ran continuously for 35s, 4 full guided respiratory cycles. Mean velocity from each of the deep veins was measured and peak mean velocity, peak flow rate and cumulative volume flow over a respiratory cycle compared between sequences.Results: The two sequences compared well both in vitro and in vivo. The real-time ISP sequence showed shortterm variations in mean velocity superimposed on the respiratory induced flow, which were averaged out using the segmented GRE sequence. Conclusion:Real-time ISP provides comparable timeaveraged flow results to the standard sequence with additional information on real-time flow variations and so could be used for further investigation into venous blood flow in the lower leg.

show abstract

Role of MRI in investigating the effects of elastic compression stockings on the deformation of the superficial and deep veins in the lower leg

Abstract: MRI offers a precise source of data on the mechanical effects of lower-limb compression. Ultrasound (US) may be more cost-effective, but the data acquired are less comprehensive. Future biomechanical studies of lower-limb compression should make use of MRI.

Cited by 22 publications

References 18 publications

Dogmas and controversies in compression therapy: report of an International Compression Club (ICC) meeting, Brussels, May 2011

Dogmas and controversies in compression therapy: report of an International Compression Club (ICC) meeting, Brussels, May 2011

Knee‐high compression socks minimize head‐up tilt‐induced cerebral and cardiovascular responses following dynamic exercise

MR phase‐contrast velocity mapping methods for measuring venous blood velocity in the deep veins of the calf

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About