“…The regional approach consists of determining water mass variations over juxtaposed surface elements in a given continental region from GRACE residual potential difference anomalies, in terms of equivalent water heights. By assuming the conservation of energy along the GRACE tracks, it consists of recovering equivalent water thicknesses of juxtaposed 2° × 2° geographical tiles by inverting GRACE inter-satellite KBR range (KBRR) residuals [59,60]. These regional solutions have maximal errors expected to be lower than 5-6 cm at any grid point, that is lower than 1 cm at the basin scale [60].…”
Variations in surface water extent and storage are poorly characterized from regional to global scales. In this study, a multi-satellite approach is proposed to estimate the water stored in the floodplains of the Orinoco Basin at a monthly time-scale using remotely-sensed observations of surface water from the Global Inundation Extent Multi-Satellite (GIEMS) and stages from Envisat radar altimetry. Surface water storage variations over [2003][2004][2005][2006][2007] exhibit large interannual variability and a strong seasonal signal, peaking during summer,
OPEN ACCESSRemote Sens. 2015, 7 90 and associated with the flood pulse. The volume of surface water storage in the Orinoco Basin was highly correlated with the river discharge at Ciudad Bolivar (R = 0.95), the closest station to the mouth where discharge was estimated, although discharge lagged one month behind storage. The correlation remained high (R = 0.73) after removing seasonal effects. Mean annual variations in surface water volume represented ~170 km 3 , contributing to ~45% of the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE)-derived total water storage variations and representing ~13% of the total volume of water that flowed out of the Orinoco Basin to the Atlantic Ocean.
“…The regional approach consists of determining water mass variations over juxtaposed surface elements in a given continental region from GRACE residual potential difference anomalies, in terms of equivalent water heights. By assuming the conservation of energy along the GRACE tracks, it consists of recovering equivalent water thicknesses of juxtaposed 2° × 2° geographical tiles by inverting GRACE inter-satellite KBR range (KBRR) residuals [59,60]. These regional solutions have maximal errors expected to be lower than 5-6 cm at any grid point, that is lower than 1 cm at the basin scale [60].…”
Variations in surface water extent and storage are poorly characterized from regional to global scales. In this study, a multi-satellite approach is proposed to estimate the water stored in the floodplains of the Orinoco Basin at a monthly time-scale using remotely-sensed observations of surface water from the Global Inundation Extent Multi-Satellite (GIEMS) and stages from Envisat radar altimetry. Surface water storage variations over [2003][2004][2005][2006][2007] exhibit large interannual variability and a strong seasonal signal, peaking during summer,
OPEN ACCESSRemote Sens. 2015, 7 90 and associated with the flood pulse. The volume of surface water storage in the Orinoco Basin was highly correlated with the river discharge at Ciudad Bolivar (R = 0.95), the closest station to the mouth where discharge was estimated, although discharge lagged one month behind storage. The correlation remained high (R = 0.73) after removing seasonal effects. Mean annual variations in surface water volume represented ~170 km 3 , contributing to ~45% of the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE)-derived total water storage variations and representing ~13% of the total volume of water that flowed out of the Orinoco Basin to the Atlantic Ocean.
“…The benefits of such improvements in resolving temporal mass change are seen in publications such as Han et al (2011). In addition, the systematic errors in the KBR measurements can be reduced by pre-processing (Ramillien et al 2011), and the estimation of empirical errors in the last step (section 3) will be no longer required.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…For example, Han et al (2011) showed that GRACE along-track K-band range rate (KBRR) measurements could be used to detect major earthquakes that could not be seen in the monthly, global-function-based gravity products. Ramillien et al (2011), Tangdamrongsub et al (2012) used GRACE measurements to determine geopotential differences, which were in turn used to improve regional gravity signatures.…”
We present a theory and numerical algorithm to directly determine the time-varying along-track geopotential difference and deflection of the vertical at the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellite altitude. The determination was implemented using the GEOGRACE computer program using the K-band range rate (KBRR) of GRACE from the Level-1B (L1B) product. The method treated KBRR, GPS-derived orbit of GRACE and an initial geopotential difference as measurements used in the least-squares estimation of the geopotential difference and its formal error constrained by the energy conservation principle. The computational procedure consisted of three steps: data reading and interpolation, data calibration and estimations of the geopotential difference and its error. The formal error allowed removal of KBRR outliers that contaminated the gravity solutions. We used the most recent models to account for the gravity changes from multiple sources. A case study was carried out over India to estimate surface mass anomalies from GEOGRACE-derived geopotential differences. The 10-day mass changes were consistent with those from the MASCON solutions of NASA (correlation coefficient up to 0.88). Using the geopotential difference at satellite altitude avoids the errors caused by downward continuation, enabling the detection of small-scale mass changes.
“…Here we computed ET estimates using regional GRACE solutions which are characterized by reduced north-to-south striping (using constrained regularization) and no contamination from other parts of the world [59,60]. Several studies over different continents-South America [61], Australia [62], and Africa [63]-demonstrated that this regional approach offers a reduction of both north-south striping due to the distribution of GRACE satellite tracks and temporal aliasing of correcting models that are present in the global GRACE solutions.…”
Section: Et Estimates From Grace Rainfall and Discharge Observationsmentioning
This study examines the dynamics and robustness of large-scale evapotranspiration products in water-limited environments. Four types of ET products are tested against rainfall in two large semi-arid to arid Australian basins from 2003 to 2010: two energy balance ET methods which are forced by optical satellite retrievals from MODIS; a newly developed land surface model (AWRA); and one approach based on observations from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) and rainfall data. The two basins are quasi (Murray-Darling Basin: 1.06 million km 2 ) and completely (Lake Eyre Basin: 1.14 million km 2 ) endorheic. During the study period, two extreme climatic events-the Millennium drought and the strongest La Niña event-were recorded in the basins and are used in our assessment. The two remotely-sensed ET products constrained by the energy balance tended to overestimate ET flux over water-stressed regions. They had low sensitivity to climatic extremes and poor capability to close the water balance. However, these two remotely-sensed and energy balance products demonstrated their superiority in capturing spatial features including over small-scale and complicated landscapes. AWRA and GRACE formulated in the water balance framework were more sensitive to rainfall variability and yielded more realistic ET estimates during climate extremes. GRACE demonstrated its ability to account for seasonal and inter-annual change in water storage for ET evaluation.
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