Glyphosate Excessive Use Affects Citrus Growth and Yield: The Vicious (and Unsustainable) Circle in Brazilian Orchards

Abstract

The excessive use of glyphosate by Brazilian citrus growers leads to a vicious and unsustainable circle: Increasing the glyphosate use and the selection pressure of resistant/tolerant weeds, as well as the phytointoxication of the crop. In addition, there is speculation on the consequences of using glyphosate and the studies are not conclusive. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the glyphosate management in citrus orchards by assessing its effects in a 5-year field experiment using different doses and application frequencies. Here, we determine the weed control levels, the orchard growth and fruit yield, as well as the economic viability of the treatments. Higher weed control was observed more often with the increasing frequency of glyphosate application, and occasionally with increasing doses. However, some species predominated even at high glyphosate usage, such as BIDPI (Bidens pilosa (L.)), RAPRA (Raphanus raphanistrum (L.)), and ERICA (Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronquist). Phytotoxicity symptoms were demonstrated up to the fourth year of the orchard, and onwards the plants no longer expressed them. This was a highlight, since there was a decrease over time in growth (up to 5.3 m3) and fruit yield (up to 36.3 t ha−1), with losses that reached −56% of the total income. This is the first report to demonstrate that the increase in glyphosate usage can occasionally increase weed control, but it can also decrease orchard development and its financial viability.

Dissolved Organic Matter from Earthworm Casts Restrained the Phytotoxicity of Soil Glyphosate to Citrus (Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.) Plants

“…The excellent herbicidal performance of glyphosate and its initial reputation as an ecofriendly herbicide have contributed to its extensive global use [1]. Especially in citrus plantations, glyphosate is the most preferred herbicide [2,3]. China is one of the world's major citrus growers, ranking first in cultivated area and total output.…”

“…However, the role of dissolved organic matter (DOM) derived from EWCs (EWC-DOM) remains an open question. Given the above information, this paper (1) investigates the response of citrus seedlings to glyphosate in soil in the presence or absence of EWC-DOM and the potential regulatory capacity of EWC-DOM in this process, (2) explores competent indicators for the level of glyphosate pollution in soil-crop systems, and (3) decodes the role of enzymes in living fruit trees in response to pesticide stress in soil culture systems, hoping to inspire the formulation of strategies to mitigate the negative effects of soil glyphosate on crop growth.…”