Gluten Metabolism in Humans

Caminero, Alberto; Nistal, Esther; Herrán, Alexandra R.; Pérez-Andrés, Jenifer; Vaquero, Luis; Vivas, Santiago; Morales, José; Casqueiro, Javier

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-401716-0.00013-1

Cited by 11 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 126 publications

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“…Notably, the microbiota is able to digest gluten. Bacterial and fungi enzymes are involved in gluten break-down and the formation of peptides with different immunogenic capacities [87, 88]. Hence, gut dysbiosis could intensify the immunogenic effect of cereal-derived compounds [89].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The study evaluating the effect of probiotic supplementation on the mental status, inflammation, and intestinal barrier in major depressive disorder patients using gluten-free or gluten-containing diet (SANGUT study): a 12-week, randomized, double-blind, and placebo-controlled clinical study protocol

Karakuła-Juchnowicz

Róg

Juchnowicz

et al. 2019

Nutr J

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Background Current treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD) often does not achieve full remission of symptoms. Therefore, new forms of treatment and/or adjunct therapy are needed. Evidence has confirmed the modulation of the gut–brain–microbiota axis as a promising approach in MDD patients. The overall purpose of the SANGUT study—a 12-week, randomized, double-blind, and placebo-controlled Study Evaluating the Effect of Probiotic Supplementation on the Mental Status, Inflammation, and Intestinal Barrier in Major Depressive Disorder Patients Using Gluten-free or Gluten-containing Diet — is to determine the effect of interventions focused on the gut-brain-microbiota axis in a group of MDD patients. Methods A total of 120 outpatients will be equally allocated into one of four groups: (1) probiotic supplementation+gluten-free diet group (PRO-GFD), (2) placebo supplementation+ gluten-free diet group (PLA-GFD), (3) probiotic supplementation+ gluten containing diet group (PRO-GD), and (4) placebo supplementation+gluten containing diet group (PLA-GD). PRO groups will receive a mixture of psychobiotics ( Lactobacillus helveticus R0052 and Bifidobacterium longum R0175), and GFD groups will follow a gluten-free diet. The intervention will last 12 weeks. The primary outcome measure is change in wellbeing, whereas the secondary outcome measures include physiological parameters. Discussion Microbiota and its metabolites have the potential to influence CNS function. Probiotics may restore the eubiosis within the gut while a gluten-free diet, via changes in the microbiota profile and modulation of intestinal permeability, may alter the activity of microbiota-gut-brain axis previously found to be associated with the pathophysiology of depression. It is also noteworthy that microbiota being able to digest gluten may play a role in formation of peptides with different immunogenic capacities. Thus, the combination of a gluten-free diet and probiotic supplementation may inhibit the immune-inflammatory cascade in MDD course and improve both psychiatric and gut barrier-associated traits. Trial registration NCT03877393 .

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Studies have confirmed differences in gut microbiota of patients with celiac disease and non-celiac gluten sensitivity (NCGS) [90, 91]. Eubiosis is necessary for both appropriate gut function and restoration of intestinal barrier integrity, [87, 88, 92].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The study evaluating the effect of probiotic supplementation on the mental status, inflammation, and intestinal barrier in major depressive disorder patients using gluten-free or gluten-containing diet (SANGUT study): a 12-week, randomized, double-blind, and placebo-controlled clinical study protocol

Karakuła-Juchnowicz

Róg

Juchnowicz

et al. 2019

Nutr J

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“…Experimental murine models have reported that some Bacteroidetes species are involved in the disruption of intestinal barrier integrity, exhibiting pro-inflammatory effects (46,195,196). Both mice and human studies have shown that Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria may play a role in modifying the immunogenic potential of gluten, through breakdown of both gluten and its peptide derivatives (197,198). For example, Lactobacilli can detoxify gliadin peptides after their partial digestion by human proteases.…”

Section: Coeliac Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

The role of the microbiome in gastrointestinal inflammation

et al. 2021

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The microbiome plays an important role in maintaining human health. Despite multiple factors being attributed to the shaping of the human microbiome, extrinsic factors such diet and use of medications including antibiotics appear to dominate. Mucosal surfaces, particularly in the gut, are highly adapted to be able to tolerate a large population of microorganisms while still being able to produce a rapid and effective immune response against infection. The intestinal microbiome is not functionally independent from the host mucosa and can, through presentation of microbe-associated molecular patterns and generation of microbial-derived metabolites, fundamentally influence mucosal barrier integrity and modulate host immunity. In a healthy gut there is an abundance of beneficial bacteria that help to preserve intestinal homeostasis, promote protective immune responses and limit excessive inflammation. The importance of the microbiome is further highlighted during dysbiosis where a loss of this finely-balanced microbial population can lead to mucosal barrier dysfunction, aberrant immune responses, and chronic inflammation that increases the risk of disease development. Improvements in our understanding of the microbiome are providing opportunities to harness members of a healthy microbiome to help reverse dysbiosis, reduced inflammation and ultimately prevent disease progression.

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“…It has been described that dietary components not digested by human enzymes serve as substrates for intestinal bacteria. In fact, there is evidence to suggest that the human microbiota is involved in metabolism of gluten proteins; however, this issue is often underestimated ( 9 , 10 ) . Recent studies have shown that the oral cavity and the colon are colonised by bacteria that produce proteases capable of hydrolysing gluten proteins.…”

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confidence: 99%

Differences in gluten metabolism among healthy volunteers, coeliac disease patients and first-degree relatives

et al. 2015

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Coeliac disease (CD) is an immune-mediated enteropathy resulting from exposure to gluten in genetically predisposed individuals. Gluten proteins are partially digested by human proteases generating immunogenic peptides that cause inflammation in patients carrying HLA-DQ2 and DQ8 genes. Although intestinal dysbiosis has been associated with patients with CD, bacterial metabolism of gluten has not been studied in depth thus far. The aim of this study was to analyse the metabolic activity of intestinal bacteria associated with gluten intake in healthy individuals, CD patients and first-degree relatives of CD patients. Faecal samples belonging to twenty-two untreated CD patients, twenty treated CD patients, sixteen healthy volunteers on normal diet, eleven healthy volunteers on gluten-free diet (GFD), seventy-one relatives of CD patients on normal diet and sixty-nine relatives on GFD were tested for several proteolytic activities, cultivable bacteria involved in gluten metabolism, SCFA and the amount of gluten in faeces. We detected faecal peptidasic activity against the gluten-derived peptide 33-mer. CD patients showed differences in faecal glutenasic activity (FGA), faecal tryptic activity (FTA), SCFA and faecal gluten content with respect to healthy volunteers. Alterations in specific bacterial groups metabolising gluten such as Clostridium or Lactobacillus were reported in CD patients. Relatives showed similar parameters to CD patients (SCFA) and healthy volunteers (FTA and FGA). Our data support the fact that commensal microbial activity is an important factor in the metabolism of gluten proteins and that this activity is altered in CD patients.

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Gluten Metabolism in Humans

Cited by 11 publications

References 126 publications

The role of the microbiome in gastrointestinal inflammation

Differences in gluten metabolism among healthy volunteers, coeliac disease patients and first-degree relatives

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