Glucose Reaction with Fumonisin B₁Partially Reduces Its Toxicity in Swine

Abstract

Acute and subacute intraperitoneal doses of fumonisin B1 (FB1) were administered to test the efficacy of the FB1-glucose reaction products in detoxifying FB1 in swine. In the acute study at 11 µmol of FB1/kg of body weight, five of six pigs administered FB1 and four of six pigs administered FB1-glucose died from acute pulmonary edema. Analysis of weight gain, serum aspartate aminotransferase and γ-glutamyltransferase, total cholesterol, and pathological evaluation did not provide evidence of protection against FB1 toxicity by the FB1-glucose reaction products. In the subacute study at 5.5 µmol of FB1/kg of body weight, one pig administered FB1 died from liver damage. Analysis of serum aspartate aminotransferase, γ-glutamyltransferase, and total bilirubin showed protection against FB1 toxicity by the FB1-glucose reaction products. The levels of sphinganine and sphinganine/sphingosine ratios in serum and liver as well as pathologic findings provided definitive evidence of protection against the FB1 toxic effects by this detoxification procedure (p < 0.05). Acute and subacute intraperitoneal doses of fumonisin B 1 (FB 1 ) were administered to test the efficacy of the FB 1 -glucose reaction products in detoxifying FB 1 in swine. In the acute study at 11 µmol of FB 1 /kg of body weight, five of six pigs administered FB 1 and four of six pigs administered FB 1 -glucose died from acute pulmonary edema. Analysis of weight gain, serum aspartate aminotransferase and γ-glutamyltransferase, total cholesterol, and pathological evaluation did not provide evidence of protection against FB 1 toxicity by the FB 1 -glucose reaction products. In the subacute study at 5.5 µmol of FB 1 /kg of body weight, one pig administered FB 1 died from liver damage. Analysis of serum aspartate aminotransferase, γ-glutamyltransferase, and total bilirubin showed protection against FB 1 toxicity by the FB 1 -glucose reaction products. The levels of sphinganine and sphinganine/sphingosine ratios in serum and liver as well as pathologic findings provided definitive evidence of protection against the FB 1 toxic effects by this detoxification procedure (p < 0.05).

Fumonisin B−Glucose Reaction Products Are Less Toxic When Fed to Swine

“…As we mentioned before, this could be due to the FB level in the diet of FB-G pigs, inhibition of ceramide synthase by FB-glucose products, or both. In contrast to the findings of Fernández-Surumay et al (27), the liver Sa/So ratio in FB-G pigs, although lower than in FB pigs, was not significantly different from either FB or control groups. The higher values of Sa/So ratios observed in livers of FB-G pigs were likely a product of their high Sa liver levels as the ratio is a direct relationship between Sa and So levels (41).…”

“…Liver levels of Sa and So in FBexposed pigs were significantly higher than in pigs fed FBglucose products or controls, which was indicative of protection by the FB-glucose products. This agrees with Fernández-Surumay et al (27), who reported a protective effect in Sa levels by FB-glucose products. Significant elevations of free Sa and So in liver have been previously reported in pigs fed diets containing 32 µmol of FB/kg of diet for 14 days (15).…”

“…If we apply this proportion to the average FB oral dosages in our study, FB and FB-G pigs absorbed an average of 1 and 0.4 µmol of FB/kg of BW/day, respectively. Considering only average daily FB dosages, in Fernández-Surumay et al (27) a difference of 0.6 µmol in the FB 1 dosage of FB 1 -G and control pigs was not sufficient to elicit different Sa level and Sa/So ratio responses in these two groups. In contrast, a difference of 0.4 µmol between the same groups in the present study caused higher Sa levels and Sa/So ratios in FB-G pigs as compared to controls, possibly caused by a higher susceptibility to FB in the pigs used in this study.…”

Bioaccessibility of total bound fumonisin from corn flakes

“…In addition, the TB FB 1 might be a substrate for the intestinal bacteria and could be hydrolyzed to give FB 1 , PHFB 1 or HFB 1 and in this way increase the possibility of exposure to the toxin after ingestion. However, some reports from animal studies suggested that dietary fumonisin-glucose adducts are less toxic to swine than free fumonisin (Fernández-Surumay et al 2004; also, fumonisin bound to corn matrix during nixtamalization was less toxic to rats (Burns et al 2008). In processing of corn to corn flakes, reduction of FB 1 levels could be around 60-70%.…”

Degradation of fumonisin B1 by the consecutive action of two bacterial enzymes

“…However, since HFB 1 has only one amino group, it is safe to assume that the product of the transamination reaction is 2-keto-HFB 1 (2-oxo-12,16-dimethyl-3,5,10,14,15-pentahydroxyeicosane). In consideration of previous studies (Abou-Karam et al, 2004;Fernández-Surumay et al, 2004;Lemke et al, 2001) we expect that this deaminated compound, resulting from the consecutive action of the carboxylesterase and the aminotransferase, is no longer an inhibitor or substrate of ceramid synthase and, thus, is not toxic anymore. The proposed pathway of fumonisin degradation by Sphingopyxis sp.…”