Global Lithium Resources and Sustainability Issues

Christmann, Patrice; Gloaguen, Éric; Labbé, Jean-François; Melleton, Jérémie; Piantone, Patrice

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-801417-2.00001-3

Cited by 50 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…However, in the search of better performance, stability, and/or longer lifespan, an increasing number of cathode chemistries are being explored, potentially resulting in a higher degree of material complexity. For example, LiCoO 2 provides a good specific capacity, but is expensive and presents safety risks at elevated temperatures [47,53]. The specific capacity, measured in mAh/g, describes how much electricity is delivered by a cell [2].…”

Section: Compound Challengesmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Critical Review of Lithium-Ion Battery Recycling Processes from a Circular Economy Perspective

et al. 2019

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Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are currently one of the most important electrochemical energy storage devices, powering electronic mobile devices and electric vehicles alike. However, there is a remarkable difference between their rate of production and rate of recycling. At the end of their lifecycle, only a limited number of LIBs undergo any recycling treatment, with the majority go to landfills or being hoarded in households. Further losses of LIB components occur because the the state-of-the-art LIB recycling processes are limited to components with high economic value, e.g., Co, Cu, Fe, and Al. With the increasing popularity of concepts such as “circular economy” (CE), new LIB recycling systems have been proposed that target a wider spectrum of compounds, thus reducing the environmental impact associated with LIB production. This review work presents a discussion of the current practices and some of the most promising emerging technologies for recycling LIBs. While other authoritative reviews have focused on the description of recycling processes, the aim of the present was is to offer an analysis of recycling technologies from a CE perspective. Consequently, the discussion is based on the ability of each technology to recover every component in LIBs. The gathered data depicted a direct relationship between process complexity and the variety and usability of the recovered fractions. Indeed, only processes employing a combination of mechanical processing, and hydro- and pyrometallurgical steps seemed able to obtain materials suitable for LIB (re)manufacture. On the other hand, processes relying on pyrometallurgical steps are robust, but only capable of recovering metallic components.

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Section: Compound Challengesmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Critical Review of Lithium-Ion Battery Recycling Processes from a Circular Economy Perspective

et al. 2019

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“…Lithium is the third element of the periodic table. It is the lightest of all solid elements (d = 0.53 g•cm −3 at 20 • C), has the highest specific heat capacity, the smallest ionic radius of all the alkali metals, and a high electrochemical potential [1]. Its two stable isotopes are 6 Li and 7 Li, with 7 Li being the most abundant (92.5%) [2,3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spodumene: The Lithium Market, Resources and Processes

et al. 2019

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This literature review gives an overview of the lithium industry, including the lithium market, global resources, and processes of lithium compounds production. It focuses on the production of lithium compounds from spodumene minerals. Spodumene is one of the most critical minerals nowadays, due to its high lithium content and high rate of extraction. Lithium is one of the most sought-after metals, due to the ever-growing demand for lithium-ion batteries (LiBs). The data on lithium extraction from minerals is scattered through years of patents, journal articles, and proceedings; hence, requiring an in-depth review, including the comprehension of the spodumene phase system, the phase conversion processes, and the lithium extraction processes.

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“…Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are currently widely used in consumer electronics, and their demand in electric and hybrid vehicles and renewable energy-related energy storage applications is expected to grow in the near future [1]. In spite of the widespread use of LIBs, according to the recent United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) recycling report [2], less than 1% of lithium from various applications was recycled globally in 2011.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Leaching of Metals from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries

et al. 2017

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Abstract:The recycling of valuable metals from spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is becoming increasingly important due to the depletion of natural resources and potential pollution from the spent batteries. In this work, different types of acids (2 M citric (C 6 H 8 O 7 ), 1 M oxalic (C 2 H 2 O 4 ), 2 M sulfuric (H 2 SO 4 ), 4 M hydrochloric (HCl), and 1 M nitric (HNO 3 ) acid)) and reducing agents (hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6 ) and ascorbic acid (C 6 H 8 O 6 )) were selected for investigating the recovery of valuable metals from waste LIBs. The crushed and sieved material contained on average 23% (w/w) cobalt, 3% (w/w) lithium, and 1-5% (w/w) nickel, copper, manganese, aluminum, and iron. Results indicated that mineral acids (4 M HCl and 2 M H 2 SO 4 with 1% (v/v) H 2 O 2 ) produced generally higher yields compared with organic acids, with a nearly complete dissolution of lithium, cobalt, and nickel at 25 • C with a slurry density of 5% (w/v). Further leaching experiments carried out with H 2 SO 4 media and different reducing agents with a slurry density of 10% (w/v) show that nearly all of the cobalt and lithium can be leached out in sulfuric acid (2 M) when using C 6 H 8 O 6 as a reducing agent (10% g/g scraps ) at 80 • C.

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Global Lithium Resources and Sustainability Issues

Cited by 50 publications

References 21 publications

A Critical Review of Lithium-Ion Battery Recycling Processes from a Circular Economy Perspective

A Critical Review of Lithium-Ion Battery Recycling Processes from a Circular Economy Perspective

Spodumene: The Lithium Market, Resources and Processes

Leaching of Metals from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries

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