Global Environment Threats and a Divided Northern Community

Abstract

climate change, greenhouse gases, northern community,

Trading Places: The Role of the United States and the European Union in International Environmental Politics

“…Though we focus on the 2000 Cartagena Protocol, concerns over regulatory competition-in particular regarding the biotechnology industry-also played a central role in determining U.S. and EU positions on the broader 1992 Convention on Biological Diversity. See Hopgood (1998, p. 168), Raustiala (1997), Falkner (2001), and Schreurs (2005. 8.…”

“…Operating within the supportive U.S. regulatory environment, American firms became major producers and exporters of GM crops and seeds. By making it easier for countries to exclude such products, the Cartagena Protocol would disadvantage both U.S. farmers and biotechnology producers, and they successfully pressed the U.S. government to oppose the protocol (Bernauer, 2003;Schreurs, 2005).…”

Rival Regulatory Regimes in International Environmental Politics: The Case of Biosafety

“…The EU has adopted a precautionary -or some observers would even say prohibitive (Paarlberg 2001) -stance on GMOs (Tosun 2013), while the USA has favoured a liberal regulatory approach (e.g. Bernauer 2003;Bernauer and Meins 2003;Prakash and Kollman 2003;Schreurs 2005;Rhinard and Kaeding 2006;Bernauer and Aerni 2008;Pollack and Shaffer 2009;Skogstad 2011;Schneider and Urpelainen 2013). During the negotiation of the Cartagena Protocol, the EU emerged as the leader in the final round of negotiations and 'pushed for the adoption of the precautionary principle in risk assessment and sought to assist developing countries in their efforts to strengthen domestic regulations, against the interests of the US and other GMO exporters' (Falkner 2007, p. 513; see also Arts and Mack 2003;Andree 2005;Rhinard and Kaeding 2006;Groenleer and Van Schaik 2007;Pollack and Shaffer 2009).…”

International environmental agreements between developing countries only: learning from the Brazil–Uruguay case over the suspicion of acid rain

“…First, many studies analyze processes of negotiation that deal with global environmental issues, such as climate change, biodiversity, and the destruction of the ozone layer (e.g. Liftin 1994;Schreurs 2005). Second, the debates have no single analytical framework.…”

“…Most of the studies focus on developed countries (Barker et al 2001;Schreurs 2005). A few texts examine the role of developing countries in global environmental negotiations (Najam 2005) or multilateral schemes with the participation of at least one developed country (Uitto 2004).…”